{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T07:48:55Z","timestamp":1791618535892,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":244,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"NSF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#2027373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2027373"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Synopsis<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Plasticity\u2014the ability of a genotype to produce different phenotypes in response to environmental input\u2014can provide insight into the mechanical forces experienced by biological structures. Bones are particularly plastic, remodeling in response to sustained and repetitive mechanical stress. In many mammals, males possess a bone in their penis called a baculum. Across species, its extreme morphological divergence suggests it undergoes recurrent adaptive evolution, and several studies have explicitly linked baculum size and shape to reproductive fitness. However, the precise functions of this bone remain largely unknown. Here we tested whether copulation imposes mechanical loading sufficient to induce remodeling in the baculum. We compared bacula of mated vs. unmated males across five rodent species with divergent baculum morphologies and mating ecologies, using high-resolution morphometric analyses of size and shape, and synchrotron-enabled quantification of bone microstructure. We found no consistent effect of mating on size, shape, or microstructure of the baculum. These results suggest that copulation does not impose mechanical loads sufficient to induce remodeling in the baculum. More broadly, our findings indicate that the rapid evolutionary divergence of the baculum is unlikely to be enabled by plasticity associated with copulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/iob\/obag043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T12:47:25Z","timestamp":1788353245000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Testing for Functional Adaptation in a Genital Bone: Baculum Size, Shape, and Microstructure Show Little Plastic Response to Mating Across Five Rodent Species"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"C F","family":"Toney III","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Southern California , USC 90089, Los Angeles ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N G","family":"Schultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Southern California , USC 90089, Los Angeles ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B","family":"Pomidor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Southern California , USC 90089, Los Angeles ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland , A1C 5S7, St. Johns ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Andronowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland , A1C 5S7, St. Johns ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5601-4140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M D","family":"Dean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Southern California , USC 90089, Los Angeles ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23622","article-title":"Does sexual selection influence ornamentation of hemipenes in old world snakes?","volume":"300","author":"Andonov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20181086","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2018.1086","article-title":"Phenotypic plasticity in genitalia: baculum shape responds to sperm competition risk in house mice","volume":"285","author":"Andr\u00e9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B."},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2022.05.015","article-title":"The effect of genital stimulation on competitive fertilization success in house mice","volume":"190","author":"Andr\u00e9","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib4","article-title":"A New Factor in Evolution","author":"Baldwin","year":".."},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.14172","article-title":"Gene expression plasticity and desert adaptation in house mice*","volume":"75","author":"Bittner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20181473","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2018.1473","article-title":"Testing hypotheses for the function of the carnivoran baculum using finite-element analysis","volume":"285","author":"Brassey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B."},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a017749","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a017749","article-title":"Mechanisms and evidence of genital coevolution: the roles of natural selection, mate choice, and sexual conflict","volume":"7","author":"Brennan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3998\/mpub.9690254","volume-title":"Bacula of North American Mammals","author":"Burt","year":"1960"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21572","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.21572","article-title":"Baculum shape complexity correlates to metrics of post-copulatory sexual selection in Musteloidea","volume":"284","author":"Clear","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Morphol"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139568098.010","article-title":"Evolution, development and functional role of horns in cattle","volume-title":"Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour of Wild Cattle: Implications for Conservation","author":"Davis","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003185","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003185","article-title":"Genetic disruption of the copulatory plug in mice leads to severely reduced fertility","volume":"9","author":"Dean","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2006.03068.x","article-title":"The frequency of multiple paternity suggests that sperm competition is common in house mice (Mus domesticus)","volume":"15","author":"Dean","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1350130107","article-title":"Baculum length and copulatory behavior in primates","volume":"13","author":"Dixson","year":"1987","journal-title":"American J Primatol"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1987.tb03718.x","article-title":"Observations on the evolution of the genitalia and copulatory behaviour in male primates","volume":"213","author":"Dixson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Zool"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674330702","volume-title":"Sexual selection and animal genitalia","author":"Eberhard","year":"1985"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1107\/S160057752200282X","article-title":"Tofu: a fast, versatile and user-friendly image processing toolkit for computed tomography","volume":"29","author":"Farag\u00f3","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Synchrotron Rad"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2012.05.001","article-title":"3D Slicer as an image computing platform for the Quantitative Imaging Network","volume":"30","author":"Fedorov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2008.01612.x","article-title":"The frequency of multiple paternity predicts variation in testes size among island populations of house mice","volume":"21","author":"Firman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Evol Biol"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3595","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2012.01713.x","article-title":"Male contest competition and the coevolution of weaponry and testes in pinnipeds: reproductive trait evolution in pinnipeds","volume":"66","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1086\/283751","article-title":"Genetic evidence for long-term monogamy in a small rodent, peromyscus polionotus","volume":"117","author":"Foltz","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1043\/0003-3219(1994)064%253C0175:WLABSA%253E2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Wolff\u2019s Law and bone\u2019s structural adaptations to mechanical usage: an overview for clinicians","volume":"64","author":"Frost","year":"1994","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1011787","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1011787","article-title":"Genetic disruption of the baculum compromises the ability of male mice to copulate","volume":"21","author":"Ghione","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00173779","article-title":"Mechanisms of sexual fidelity in the monogamous California mouse, Peromyscus californicus","volume":"32","author":"Gubernick","year":"1993","journal-title":"Behav Ecol Sociobiol"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20372","article-title":"Correlative 3D-imaging of P ipistrellus penis micromorphology: validating quantitative microCT images with undecalcified serial ground section histomorphology","volume":"276","author":"Herdina","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Morphol"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1145\/166117.166119","article-title":"Mesh optimization","author":"Hoppe","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 20th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1007\/s002650100389","article-title":"Is the bat os penis sexually selected?","volume":"50","author":"Hosken","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behav Ecol Sociobiol"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib27","article-title":"Poisson surface reconstruction","volume":"7","author":"Kazhdan","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70045","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.70045","article-title":"Morphological variation in the genitalia of the burmese python","volume":"286","author":"Keeffe","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Morphol"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4687(200004)244:1%253C69::AID-JMOR7%253E3.0.CO;2-%2523","article-title":"Anatomy of the baculum\u2013corpus cavernosum interface in the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus), and implications for force transfer during copulation","volume":"244","author":"Kelly","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Morphol"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s10682-006-0022-z","article-title":"Size matters: genital allometry in an African mole-rat (Family: bathyergidae)","volume":"21","author":"Kinahan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Evol Ecol"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/jzo.12178","article-title":"Genitals evolve faster than other traits in Anolis lizards","volume":"295","author":"Klaczko","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Zool"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2019.07.027","article-title":"Haversian remodeling corresponds to load frequency but not strain magnitude in the macaque (Macaca fascicularis) skeleton","volume":"127","author":"Lad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2009.01754.x","article-title":"Adaptation to an extraordinary environment by evolution of phenotypic plasticity and genetic assimilation","volume":"22","author":"Lande","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Evol Biol"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2907.2002.00112.x","article-title":"On the evolution of the mammalian baculum: vaginal friction, prolonged intromission or induced ovulation?","volume":"32","author":"Larivi\u00e8re","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mamm Rev"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.2307\/1377725","article-title":"Morphometric variation and function in the baculum, with comments on correlation of parts","volume":"49","author":"Long","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Mammal"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24620","article-title":"Variation in cross-sectional shape and biomechanical properties of the bat humerus under Wolff\u2019s law","volume":"304","author":"L\u00f3pez-Aguirre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-024-02053-2","article-title":"Bayesian tip-dated timeline for diversification and major biogeographic events in Muroidea (Rodentia), the largest mammalian radiation","volume":"22","author":"L\u00f3pez-Anto\u00f1anzas","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2004.00407.x","article-title":"Bat genitalia: allometry, variation and good genes: bat genitalia","volume":"83","author":"L\u00fcpold","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol J Linn Soc"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2007.06.009","article-title":"Endochondral ossification: how cartilage is converted into bone in the developing skeleton","volume":"40","author":"Mackie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-011-0848-2","article-title":"Promiscuity in mice is associated with increased vaginal bacterial diversity","volume":"98","author":"MacManes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-012-9689-z","article-title":"Role and regulation of vascularization processes in endochondral bones","volume":"92","author":"Maes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01322.x","article-title":"It\u2019s all relative: allometry and variation in the baculum (os penis) of the harp seal, Pagophilus groenlandicus (Carnivora: phocidae)","volume":"72","author":"Miller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol J Linn Soc"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1139\/z98-233","article-title":"Baculum and testes of the hooded seal (Cystophora cristata): growth and size-scaling and their relationships to sexual selection","volume":"77","author":"Miller","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib44","article-title":"vegan: community Ecology Package","author":"Oksanen","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icw057","article-title":"All Features great and small\u2014the potential roles of the baculum and penile spines in mammals","volume":"56","author":"Orr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.2307\/1380362","article-title":"Baculum-Body Size Relationships as Evidence for a Selective Continuum on Bacular Morphology","volume":"64","author":"Patterson","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Mammal"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1992.tb01133.x","article-title":"Polyphenism in spadefoot toad tadpoles as a locally adjusted evolutionarily stable strategy","volume":"46","author":"Pfennig","year":"1992","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.08.03.604701","article-title":"GPSA2: combining landmark-free and landmark-based methods in geometric morphometrics","author":"Pomidor","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1086\/510688","article-title":"Sexual selection and genital evolution in mammals: a phylogenetic analysis of baculum length","volume":"169","author":"Ramm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s10709-009-9385-8","article-title":"Sexual selection and the rodent baculum: an intraspecific study in the house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus)","volume":"138","author":"Ramm","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genetica"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00166397","article-title":"The monogamous mating system of Peromyscus californicus as revealed by DNA fingerprinting","volume":"29","author":"Ribble","year":"1991","journal-title":"Behav Ecol Sociobiol"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20371","article-title":"Who\u2019s afraid of the big bad Wolff?: \u201cWolff\u2019s law\u201d and bone functional adaptation","volume":"129","author":"Ruff","year":"2006","journal-title":"American J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.22689","article-title":"The molecular basis and reproductive function(s) of copulatory plugs","volume":"83","author":"Schneider","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2011.01775.x","article-title":"Allometry of the baculum and sexual size dimorphism in American martens and fishers (Mammalia: mustelidae)","volume":"104","author":"Schulte-Hostedde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol J Linn Soc"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icw034","article-title":"The Baculum was gained and lost multiple times during mammalian evolution","volume":"56","author":"Schultz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib56","article-title":"Understanding the Genetics, Evolutionary History, and Biomechanics of the Mammalian Penis Bone","author":"Schultz","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195075540.003.0004","article-title":"Reproduction and breeding","volume-title":"Mouse Genetics Concepts and Applications","author":"Silver","year":"1995"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.12229","article-title":"Experimental evidence for the evolution of the mammalian baculum by sexual selection: brief communication","volume":"68","author":"Simmons","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1953.tb00069.x","article-title":"The Baldwin Effect","volume":"7","author":"Simpson","year":"1953","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1080\/10635150490468701","article-title":"Phylogeny and divergence-date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes","volume":"53","author":"Steppan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Syst Biol"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0183070","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183070","article-title":"Muroid rodent phylogenetics: 900-species tree reveals increasing diversification rates","volume":"12","author":"Steppan","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-11-66","article-title":"Baculum morphology predicts reproductive success of male house mice under sexual selection","volume":"11","author":"Stockley","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10682-007-9216-2","article-title":"Baculum variation and allometry in the muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus): a case for sexual selection","volume":"23","author":"Tasikas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Evol Ecol"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.0980155","article-title":"Reproductive physiology and penile papillae morphology of rats after sexual experience","volume":"98","author":"Taylor","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1953.tb00070.x","article-title":"Genetic assimilation of an acquired character","volume":"7","author":"Waddington","year":"1953","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1038\/1831654a0","article-title":"canalization of development and Genetic Assimilation of Acquired Characters","volume":"183","author":"waddington","year":"1959","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195122343.001.0001","volume-title":"Developmental Plasticity and Evolution","author":"West-Eberhard","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-021-01887-6","article-title":"The baculum affects paternity success of first but not second males in house mouse sperm competition","volume":"21","author":"Winkler","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Ecol Evo"},{"key":"2026101003015516200_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00172168","article-title":"Genetic evidence of promiscuity in Peromyscus leucopus","volume":"28","author":"Xia","year":"1991","journal-title":"Behav Ecol Sociobiol"}],"container-title":["Integrative Organismal Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/iob\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/iob\/obag043\/70922529\/obag043.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/iob\/article-pdf\/8\/1\/obag043\/70922529\/obag043.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/iob\/article-pdf\/8\/1\/obag043\/70922529\/obag043.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T07:02:10Z","timestamp":1791615730000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/iob\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/iob\/obag043\/8779966"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/iob\/obag043","relation":{},"ISSN":["2517-4843"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2517-4843","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"obag043"}}