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While forest-to-agriculture conversion fundamentally reshapes plant-microbe-soil interactions and P cycling, these dynamics are further modulated by the intensity of land management. This study examined the 30-year effects of converting a primary forest into two contrasting systems: a low-intensity agroforest and a high-intensity citrus monoculture. We investigated how microbial and low molecular weight organic compounds (LMWCs) composition interacted with soil physicochemical attributes, acid phosphatase activity, and P fractions (labile, moderately labile, non-labile, and residual). Agroforest soils retained physicochemical and enzymatic attributes similar to the primary forest, while soils of the citrus plantation showed increased P in all fractions due to mineral fertilization and reduced soil organic matter content, mainly in deeper layers. Microbial and LMWC composition patterns reflected land-use, with agroforest representing an intermediate state between primary forest and citrus monoculture. Pseudomonadota and nutrient-rich LMWC were more abundant in the agroforest, whereas Ascomycota and nutrient-poor LMWC predominated the citrus plantation. Genes related to \u201cP acquisition\u201d were more abundant in forest and agroforest soils, while genes related to \u201cP-compound synthesis\u201d were more abundant in the citrus plantation. Labile P was negatively correlated with genes related to microbial metabolism, suggesting that reduced P availability may induce a boost in microbial activity for internal P-cycling. These findings demonstrate that forest-to-agriculture conversion strongly affects microbial functions, with responses aligning with land-use intensity and LMWC resource availability. Nonetheless, microbes adapt by shifting strategies: prioritizing mineralization and solubilization or favoring biosynthesis depending on P availability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ismeco\/ycag027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T09:19:53Z","timestamp":1771924793000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Land-use intensification reshapes microbial phosphorus cycling, organic matter composition, and phosphorus fractions in Amazonian soils"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8953-2529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme Lucio","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA), University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP) , S\u00e3o Paulo, Piracicaba 13416000 ,","place":["Brazil"]},{"name":"\u201cLuiz de Queiroz\u201d College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP) , S\u00e3o Paulo, Piracicaba 13418260 ,","place":["Brazil"]},{"name":"Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry , Jena 07701,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel Gustavo Tavares Nunes","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA), University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP) , S\u00e3o Paulo, Piracicaba 13416000 ,","place":["Brazil"]},{"name":"Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry , Jena 07701,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry , Jena 07701,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anderson Santos","family":"de Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA), University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP) , S\u00e3o Paulo, Piracicaba 13416000 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luana","family":"do Nascimento Silva Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA), University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP) , S\u00e3o Paulo, Piracicaba 13416000 ,","place":["Brazil"]},{"name":"\u201cLuiz de Queiroz\u201d College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP) , S\u00e3o Paulo, Piracicaba 13418260 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"van Leeuwen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Agriculture in the Humid Tropics, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA) , Manaus 69067375, Amazonas ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge Em\u00eddio","family":"de Carvalho Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Agriculture in the Humid Tropics, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA) , Manaus 69067375, Amazonas ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rog\u00e9rio Eiji","family":"Hanada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Agriculture in the Humid Tropics, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA) , Manaus 69067375, Amazonas ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerd","family":"Gleixner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry , Jena 07701,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siu 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