{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T04:32:21Z","timestamp":1786509141941,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":141,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union under the Horizon Europe Programme","award":["101082304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101082304"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Microalgal-bacterial interactions are central to nutrient cycling and ecosystem functioning in marine habitats, yet the mechanisms structuring these associations under defined nutrient constraints remain poorly resolved. Using a synthetic 15-member bacterial community (SynCom) and controlled nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and vitamin B12-limitation, we investigated how nutrient scarcity shapes the physiology, metabolism, and transcriptional activity of the harmful alga Prymnesium parvum and its associated microbiota. Under N- and P-limitation, the SynCom had minimal impact on algal growth despite nutrient-dependent shifts in toxin production and metabolite profiles. In contrast, B12-limitation triggered a strong mutualistic interaction in which the SynCom enabled a three-fold increase in algal biomass and drove restructuring of intracellular and extracellular metabolomes, including the accumulation of ectoine and membrane-associated lipids and the depletion of thiamine-like and stress-associated metabolites. Metabarcoding revealed stable community composition but enrichment of B12-producing taxa under B12-limited conditions, while metatranscriptomics uncovered functional divergence among SynCom members. Bacteria displayed contrasting response strategies, including nutrient-responsive specialists and transcriptionally flexible generalists maintaining gene expression across all nutrient regimes. B12-producers (Marinovum algicola, Roseobacter sp., Halomonas sp.) upregulated cobalamin biosynthesis exclusively under B12-limitation, whereas several B12-auxotrophic taxa induced B12-transport and B12-requiring enzymes, indicating active vitamin exchange within the holobiont. P. parvum displayed transcriptional programs specific to each nutrient limitation, with B12-limited co-cultures shifting toward growth-associated gene expression despite constitutive expression of the B12-dependent metH gene. These results demonstrate that vitamin auxotrophy acts as a key metabolic lever reorganizing holobiont function, driving reciprocal benefits and reprogramming algal-bacterial metabolism in our synthetic system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ismeco\/ycag142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T11:40:26Z","timestamp":1779277226000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multi-omics uncovers nutrient stress-driven interactions in a synthetic\n                    <i>Prymnesium parvum<\/i>\n                    holobiont, with vitamin B12-limitation revealing mutualism"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0901-1224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lou","family":"Patron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IFREMER, PHYTOX, GENALG , Nantes 44300 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3167-3226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Petrilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFREMER, PHYTOX, GENALG , Nantes 44300 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana\u00eblle","family":"Bout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFREMER, PHYTOX, METALG , Nantes 44300 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0254-4477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marinna","family":"Gaudin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFREMER, PHYTOX, GENALG , Nantes 44300 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00e9na","family":"Gouhier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFREMER, PHYTOX, PHYSALG , Nantes 44300 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