{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T16:56:00Z","timestamp":1785776160334,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":157,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FT230100560"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FT230100560"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Research Council of Norway","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Methane emissions from ruminants can be expressed through several metrics as total production, yield, or intensity, each reflecting distinct aspects of energy utilisation. Among these, methane intensity defined as grams of methane emitted per kilograms of energy-corrected milk, directly links emissions to productive efficiency; however, the microbial mechanisms underlying variation in this trait remain unclear. Here, we applied genome-resolved metagenomics and metatranscriptomics to characterise rumen microbial identity, functional potential, and transcriptional activity in lactating cows differing in methane intensity while sharing breed and diet. Microbial community composition and diversity were comparable across phenotypes. However, rumen microbial gene expression revealed marked functional divergence. The rumen content of low-methane-intensity cows showed enriched transcription of fructan-degrading carbohydrate-active enzymes and butyrate-forming pathways, primarily encoded by RUG440 (Atopobiaceae) metagenome-assembled genomes. These functions suggest a fructan\u2013butyrate metabolic axis supported by potential cross-feeding between primary degraders and butyrate producers. Conversely, the high-methane intensity rumen exhibited greater transcription of pectin-degrading carbohydrate-active enzymes, mainly carried by Prevotella metagenome-assembled genomes, suggesting methyl-ester hydrolysis and methanol release. Despite higher methanogenesis transcript levels in high-methane intensity cows, total methane production did not differ between groups. Together, these findings reveal two contrasting functional configurations of the rumen microbiome in Norwegian Red dairy cattle: a fructan\u2013butyrate-oriented metabolism in low-methane-intensity cows and a pectin\u2013methanol-oriented metabolism in high-methane-intensity counterparts. This study provides genome-resolved, multi-omic evidence that microbial carbohydrate specialization and fermentation routing contribute to methane intensity phenotypes in dairy cows, offering mechanistic insights for improving ruminant climate efficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ismeco\/ycag155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T11:47:16Z","timestamp":1780573636000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intricate microbiome differences observed in lactating cows across methane intensity phenotypes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5919-1208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian Omar","family":"Maynez-Perez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , 1432 \u00c5s ,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecologia, Universidad Autonoma de Chihuahua , 31453 Chihuahua ,","place":["Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hendra Nur","family":"Cahyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , 1432 \u00c5s ,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada , 55281 Yogyakarta ,","place":["Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puchun","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , 1432 \u00c5s ,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University , 215 Garden Ave, Ithaca, NY 14853 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Velma T E","family":"Aho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , 1432 \u00c5s ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip B","family":"Pope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , 1432 \u00c5s ,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"The Centre for Microbiome Research, Queensland University of Technology , 4102 Woolloongabba, Queensland ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU) , 1432 \u00c5s ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Schwarm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , 1432 \u00c5s 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