{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:06:58Z","timestamp":1792786018756,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":244,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Earlham Institute\u2019s Strategic Programme Grant: Decoding Biodiversity","award":["NE\/S005137\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/S005137\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/018cxtf62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BBX011089\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBX011089\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Restoring agriculturally degraded habitats to species-rich grasslands is a vital conservation objective. During restoration, how the soil resistome matures alongside microbial community composition and function remains unclear. Here, we tested two competing hypotheses: whether the soil resistome co-occurs through a microbial structural maturation, in which soil restoration is associated with higher-order biotic interactions, or whether antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is instead associated with the competitive pressures and high bacterial taxonomic richness found in disturbed, eutrophic arable land. Using a unique land-use chronosequence on Salisbury Plain, UK, we investigated the trajectory of ecosystem reassembly following the cessation of agricultural activity. Our results demonstrate that AMR abundance increases significantly with restoration age, reaching a maximum in &amp;gt;143-year-old soils. The strongest predictor of this rise in AMR abundance was an increasing microbial eukaryotic signature rather than increasing microbial density, suggesting that resistome expansion is not associated with generalized spatial competition, but rather, co-occurs with structural maturation of the microbiome. We observed an order of magnitude increase in antibiotic biosynthetic potential, dominated by the emergence of streptomycin clusters. Microbial reorientation during soil maturation mirrors the expansion of a core resistome comprised of ancient, intrinsic mechanisms, such as Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) efflux pumps and RNA Polymerase-Binding Protein A (RbpA) target protection, in older soils. We demonstrate that endogenous AMR is a hallmark of healthy, restored soil ecosystems rather than a marker of anthropogenic soil degradation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ismeco\/ycag250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T18:51:00Z","timestamp":1788375060000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antimicrobial resistance as a signature of soil restoration across a 143-year chronosequence"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1526-4071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Goodall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology , Benson Lane, Wallingford, OX10 8BB ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4428-583X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Briony","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology , Deiniol Road, Bangor, LL57 2UW ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0210-2767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy C","family":"Thorpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology , Benson Lane, Wallingford, OX10 8BB ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3341-4547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert I","family":"Griffiths","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment, Bangor University , Bangor, LL57 2UR ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6218-6301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun S","family":"Gweon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading , Reading, RG6 6UR ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8546-5154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel S","family":"Read","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology , Benson Lane, Wallingford, OX10 8BB ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6431-9959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Pywell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology , Benson Lane, Wallingford, OX10 8BB ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7559-3400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susheel Bhanu","family":"Busi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology , Benson Lane, Wallingford, OX10 8BB ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092111371053300_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12221","DOI":"10.1002\/2688-8319.12221","article-title":"The relative effectiveness of different grassland restoration methods: a systematic literature search and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Slodowicz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol Solut Evid"},{"key":"2026092111371053300_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2020.105858","article-title":"Restoration of calcareous grasslands: the early successional stage promotes biodiversity","volume":"151","author":"Poniatowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol Eng"},{"key":"2026092111371053300_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2008.01492.x","article-title":"Do restored calcareous grasslands on former arable fields resemble ancient targets? The effect of time, methods and environment on outcomes","volume":"45","author":"Fagan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Appl Ecol"},{"key":"2026092111371053300_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13040239","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance genes in agricultural soils: a comprehensive review of the hidden crisis and exploring control strategies","volume":"13","author":"Zeng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"2026092111371053300_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-025-03745-7","article-title":"Prevalence and dynamics of antimicrobial resistance in pioneer and developing Arctic soils","volume":"25","author":"Roy","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092111371053300_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.109202","article-title":"Field-based evidence for the prevalence of soil antibiotic resistomes under long-term antibiotic-free fertilization","volume":"195","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2026092111371053300_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01569","article-title":"Distribution and succession feature of antibiotic resistance genes along a soil development chronosequence in Urumqi No. 1 glacier of China","volume":"10","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092111371053300_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.3390\/life15101598","article-title":"A one-health perspective of antimicrobial resistance (AMR): human animals and environmental health","volume":"15","author":"Al-Khalaifah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"2026092111371053300_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10388","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance is ancient","volume":"477","author":"D\u2019Costa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026092111371053300_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00620-w","article-title":"From the soil to the clinic: the impact of microbial secondary metabolites on antibiotic tolerance and resistance","volume":"20","author":"Perry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092111371053300_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ismejo\/wrag131","article-title":"Taxonomic filtering accompanies functional expansion during long-term soil restoration","volume":"20","author":"Goodall","year":"2026","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"key":"2026092111371053300_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1111\/avsc.12076","article-title":"The natural regeneration of calcareous grassland at a landscape scale: 150 years of plant community re-assembly on Salisbury Plain UK","volume":"17","author":"Redhead","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl Veg Sci"},{"key":"2026092111371053300_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-090816-093420","article-title":"Lessons from the environmental antibiotic resistome","volume":"71","author":"Surette","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092111371053300_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1128\/mmbr.00016-10","article-title":"Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance","volume":"74","author":"Davies","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"}],"container-title":["ISME Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ismecommun\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ismeco\/ycag250\/70925353\/ycag250.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ismecommun\/article-pdf\/6\/1\/ycag250\/70925353\/ycag250.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ismecommun\/article-pdf\/6\/1\/ycag250\/70925353\/ycag250.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T15:37:17Z","timestamp":1790005037000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ismecommun\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ismeco\/ycag250\/8780324"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ismeco\/ycag250","relation":{},"ISSN":["2730-6151"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2730-6151","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"article-number":"ycag250"}}