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So far chemolithoautotrophic bacteria are widely recognized as the principal diazotrophs in oligotrophic marine and terrestrial ecosystems. However, the contribution of chemolithoautotrophs to nitrogen fixation in organic-rich habitats remains unclear. Here, we utilized metagenomic and metatranscriptomic approaches integrated with cultivation assays to investigate the diversity, distribution, and activity of diazotrophs residing in Zhangzhou mangrove sediments. Physicochemical assays show that the studied mangrove sediments are typical carbon-rich, sulfur-rich, nitrogen-limited, and low-redox marine ecosystems. These sediments host a wide phylogenetic variety of nitrogenase genes, including groups I\u2013III and VII\u2013VIII. Unexpectedly diverse chemolithoautotrophic taxa including Campylobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Zetaproteobacteria, and Thermodesulfovibrionia are the predominant and active nitrogen fixers in the 0\u201318\u00a0cm sediment layer. In contrast, the 18\u201320\u00a0cm layer is dominated by active diazotrophs from the chemolithoautotrophic taxa Desulfobacterota and Halobacteriota. Further analysis of MAGs shows that the main chemolithoautotrophs can fix nitrogen by coupling the oxidation of hydrogen, reduced sulfur, and iron, with the reduction of oxygen, nitrate, and sulfur. Culture experiments further demonstrate that members of chemolithoautotrophic Campylobacteria have the nitrogen-fixing capacity driven by hydrogen and sulfur oxidation. Activity measurements confirm that the diazotrophs inhabiting mangrove sediments preferentially drain energy from diverse reduced inorganic compounds other than from organics. Overall, our results suggest that chemolithoautotrophs rather than heterotrophs are dominant nitrogen fixers in mangrove sediments. This study underscores the significance of chemolithoautotrophs in carbon-dominant ecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ismejo\/wrae119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T12:36:11Z","timestamp":1719318971000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Chemolithoautotrophic diazotrophs dominate dark nitrogen fixation in mangrove sediments"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Shasha","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources; Fujian Keey Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources; Sino-French Laboratory of Deep-Sea Microbiology (MicrobSea) , Xiamen 361005 ,","place":["PR China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijing","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources; Fujian Keey Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources; Sino-French Laboratory of Deep-Sea Microbiology (MicrobSea) , Xiamen 361005 ,","place":["PR China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuoming","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources; Fujian Keey Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources; Sino-French Laboratory of Deep-Sea Microbiology (MicrobSea) , Xiamen 361005 ,","place":["PR China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources; Fujian Keey Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources; Sino-French Laboratory of Deep-Sea Microbiology (MicrobSea) , Xiamen 361005 ,","place":["PR China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources; Fujian Keey Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources; Sino-French Laboratory of Deep-Sea Microbiology (MicrobSea) , Xiamen 361005 ,","place":["PR China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karine","family":"Alain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Brest, CNRS, Ifremer, EMR6002 BIOMEX, Biologie Interactions et adaptations des Organismes en Milieu EXtr\u00eame , IRP 1211 MicrobSea, F-29280 Plouzan\u00e9 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources; Fujian Keey Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources; Sino-French Laboratory of Deep-Sea Microbiology (MicrobSea) , Xiamen 361005 ,","place":["PR China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangsheng","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources; Fujian Keey Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources; Sino-French Laboratory of Deep-Sea Microbiology (MicrobSea) , Xiamen 361005 ,","place":["PR China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongyi","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources; Fujian Keey Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources; Sino-French Laboratory of Deep-Sea Microbiology (MicrobSea) , Xiamen 361005 ,","place":["PR China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiliang","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources; Fujian Keey Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources; Sino-French Laboratory of Deep-Sea Microbiology (MicrobSea) , Xiamen 361005 ,","place":["PR China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiyang","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources; Fujian Keey Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources; Sino-French Laboratory of Deep-Sea Microbiology (MicrobSea) , Xiamen 361005 ,","place":["PR China"]},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai) , Zhuhai 519000 ,","place":["PR China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zongze","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources; Fujian Keey Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources; Sino-French Laboratory of Deep-Sea Microbiology (MicrobSea) , Xiamen 361005 ,","place":["PR China"]},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai) , Zhuhai 519000 ,","place":["PR China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024101509360888100_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2018.9","article-title":"The microbial nitrogen-cycling network","volume":"16","author":"Kuypers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2024101509360888100_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaay9514","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay9514","article-title":"Changing perspectives in marine nitrogen 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