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However, chlamydiae have never been reported to infect photosynthetic organisms. Here, we describe a novel chlamydial genus and species, Candidatus Algichlamydia australiensis, capable of infecting the photosynthetic dinoflagellate Cladocopium sp. (originally isolated from a scleractinian coral). Algichlamydia australiensis was confirmed to be intracellular by fluorescence in situ hybridization and confocal laser scanning microscopy and temporally stable at the population level by monitoring its relative abundance across four weeks of host growth. Using a combination of short- and long-read sequencing, we recovered a high-quality (completeness 91.73% and contamination 0.27%) metagenome-assembled genome of A. australiensis. Phylogenetic analyses show that this chlamydial taxon represents a new genus and species within the Simkaniaceae family. Algichlamydia australiensis possesses all the hallmark genes for chlamydiae\u2013host interactions, including a complete type III secretion system. In addition, a type IV secretion system is encoded on a plasmid and has previously been observed for only three other chlamydial species. Twenty orthologous groups of genes are unique to A. australiensis, one of which is structurally similar to a protein known from Cyanobacteria and Archaeplastida involved in thylakoid biogenesis and maintenance, hinting at potential chlamydiae interactions with the chloroplasts of Cladocopium cells. Our study shows that chlamydiae infect dinoflagellate symbionts of cnidarians, the first photosynthetic organism reported to harbor chlamydiae, thereby expanding the breadth of chlamydial hosts and providing a new contribution to the discussion around the role of chlamydiae in the establishment of the primary plastid.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ismejo\/wrae139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T23:43:18Z","timestamp":1721778198000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Chlamydiae as symbionts of photosynthetic dinoflagellates"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Justin","family":"Maire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3010 , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astrid","family":"Collingro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna , Vienna 1030 , Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kshitij","family":"Tandon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3010 , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanta J","family":"Jameson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity , Parkville, VIC 3010 , Australia"},{"name":"Melbourne Cytometry Platform, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3010 , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise M","family":"Judd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics , Department of Microbiology and Immunology, , Parkville, VIC 3010 , Australia"},{"name":"The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Department of Microbiology and Immunology, , Parkville, VIC 3010 , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Horn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna , Vienna 1030 , Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda L","family":"Blackall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3010 , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeleine J H","family":"van Oppen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3010 , Australia"},{"name":"Australian Institute of Marine Science , Townsville, QLD 4810 , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024081206161765600_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.62.081307.162818","article-title":"Chlamydiae as symbionts in eukaryotes","volume":"62","author":"Horn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2024081206161765600_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2020.05.020","article-title":"Chlamydiae in the environment","volume":"28","author":"Collingro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"2024081206161765600_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01284-9","article-title":"Gene gain facilitated endosymbiotic evolution of Chlamydiae","volume":"8","author":"Dharamshi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat 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