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However, our understanding of how Akkermansia muciniphila senses and responds to host gastrointestinal signals remains limited. Here, we demonstrate that A. muciniphila exhibits rapid growth, facilitated by its self-produced carbon dioxide (CO\u2082), with key enzymes such as glutamate decarboxylase, carbonic anhydrase, and pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase playing pivotal roles. Additionally, we design a novel delivery system, comprising calcium carbonate, inulin, A. muciniphila, and sodium alginate, which enhances A. muciniphila growth and facilitates the expression of part probiotic genes in mice intestinal milieu. Notably, the administration of this delivery system induces weight loss in mice fed high-fat diets. Furthermore, we elucidate the significant impact of CO\u2082 on the composition and functional genes of the human gut microbiota, with genes encoding carbonic anhydrase and amino acid metabolism enzymes exhibiting heightened responsiveness. These findings reveal a novel mechanism by which gut commensal bacteria sense and respond to gaseous molecules, thereby promoting growth. Moreover, they suggest the potential for designing rational therapeutic strategies utilizing live bacterial delivery systems to enhance probiotic growth and ameliorate gut microbiota-related diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ismejo\/wraf034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T23:22:57Z","timestamp":1740093777000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Carbon dioxide enhances\n                    <i>Akkermansia muciniphila<\/i>\n                    fitness and anti-obesity efficacy in high-fat diet mice"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Xiangfeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Luoyu Road 1037, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430074 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianqian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Luoyu Road 1037, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430074 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changping","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Luoyu Road 1037, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430074 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Luoyu Road 1037, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430074 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dingming","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Luoyu Road 1037, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430074 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuchun","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Luoyu Road 1037, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430074 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengyuan","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University , 111 Ren\u2019ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianyao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue, Chenggong District, Kunming Medical University , Kunming 650500 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yueyan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of geriatric Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University , Xichang Road No. 153, Wuhua District, Kunming, Yunnan 650032 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruilin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue, Chenggong District, Kunming Medical University , Kunming 650500 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongju","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of geriatric Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University , Xichang Road No. 153, Wuhua District, Kunming, Yunnan 650032 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weihua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging, Center for Artificial Intelligence Biology, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Luoyu Road 1037, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430074 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Luoyu Road 1037, Hongshan 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