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Although these processes fuel a diverse ecosystem, the viral component of alkane-rich sediments has historically been overlooked. We analyzed the viral assemblages in long-term sediment-free cultures of alkane-degrading organisms and found that abiotic factors such as incubation temperature had a greater correlation with community composition than with the phylogenetic patterns among individual viral species. No auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) directly involved in hydrocarbon oxidation or sulfate reduction were found, but the presence of candidate AMGs involved in heme synthesis pathways common in methane oxidizers hints at a possible viral impact on alkane degradation. We also examined potential host\u2013virus pairs using CRISPR- and tRNA-based methods. Lastly, we identified the presence of nosD-like proteins in viruses from sediment-derived systems that are not present in water column datasets; their distribution, genomic context, and lack of canonical nosD characteristics suggest an alternate adhesion-related role in sediment communities. The number of new viruses obtained from these multi-year enrichment cultures and their potential roles in mediating host physiology illustrate the importance of studying the viral component in laboratory and environmental systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ismejo\/wrag172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T15:49:01Z","timestamp":1782920941000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Viral communities from long-term anaerobic alkane-oxidizing enrichment cultures encode predicted cell surface adhesion functions"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0627-1859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aditi K","family":"Narayanan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91125 ,","place":["United 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