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Subsequent research has revealed the methanotrophic metabolism of Crenothrix bacteria and their disproportionately high activity in stratified lakes compared to unicellular methanotrophs, yet laboratory cultivation has proven elusive, leaving the ecophysiology of Crenothrix bacteria largely unknown. Here we report the isolation of two methanotrophic strains of the \u201clacustrine Crenothrix\u201d clade from an iron-rich wetland and reveal their unique cell biology and ecology. We demonstrate that the strains are microaerobic and grow as filaments of cells, which are connected by unidirectionally oriented structures. The strains have broad genomic repertoires for addressing O2 limitation that are uniquely associated with lacustrine Crenothrix compared to related clades based on genome data. Aligning with laboratory observations, we identify lacustrine Crenothrix bacteria along potential redox gradients in the wetland at iron-rich snow sites, and we also detect such bacteria in diverse global ecosystems based on public metagenome searches. Together, our data strongly point to an ecophysiology of lacustrine Crenothrix bacteria that is tightly linked to O2 limitation, and we propose that the strains uniquely store or share metabolic intermediates between cells in filaments to thrive under such conditions. Our cultivation-based findings for these strains, which we name Allocrenothrix methanica, provide new insights into the diversity, evolution, and ecology of filamentous methanotrophs, connecting over 150\u00a0years of microbiology research and opening vast new opportunities to investigate bacteria contributing to the global methane cycle under O2 limitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ismejo\/wrag178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T11:47:24Z","timestamp":1782992844000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Isolation of\n                    <i>Allocrenothrix methanica<\/i>\n                    reveals distinct ecophysiologies of filamentous methanotrophs and adaptations to O2 limitation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2903-4277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Umezawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka , Shizuoka, 422-8526 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7244-4709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jackson Makoto","family":"Tsuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Extra-cutting-edge Science and Technology Avant-garde Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology , Yokosuka, 237-0061 ,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Division of Environmental Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology , Okazaki, 444-8585 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5008-7699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yukinori","family":"Tani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka , Shizuoka, 422-8526 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seichi","family":"Nohara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fukushima Oze Conservation and Research Association , Fukushima, 960-8670 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0846-7372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rudolf I","family":"Amann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology , Bremen, 28359 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3563-1262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manabu","family":"Fukui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, 060-0819 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