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We hypothesized that ingested MPs form intestinal plastispheres with elevated pathogenic potential and enhanced environmental persistence. To test this, we surveyed feces from 15 zoo-dwelling species and coupled particle characterization, feces-derived intestinal simulations, metagenomic sequencing, and a subsequent water-exposure experiment. Zoo feces contained more abundant MPs than reported for wild counterparts, with fragments predominating and polyethylene terephthalate (PET)\/polystyrene (PS) dominating polymer profiles. MP burdens tracked human\u2013animal interaction patterns, with human-fed species (e.g. Tiger, Elephant) carrying the highest loads (88\u2013212 items\/g). MPs supported dense biofilms whose composition diverged from bulk gut communities, exhibiting greater compositional variability and substrate-specific assembly. Metagenomic analyses revealed coordinated enrichment of potentially pathogenic taxa, virulence factor genes (VFGs), and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), with ARG profiles dominated by efflux- and inactivation-related mechanisms and tightly associated with mobile genetic elements. Elevated Type II\/III\/IV\/VI secretion systems and effector delivery\u2013related VFGs occurred within extracellular polymeric substance\u2013rich biofilms, suggesting enhanced potential for ARG retention and horizontal gene transfer. During the 35-day aquatic exposure, MP-associated communities persisted longer than non-plastic particle-associated communities and free gut microbiota, suggesting that plastic-specific properties promote microbial persistence. PET\/PS plastispheres showed the slowest declines in bacterial activity and favored the persistence of Enterococcus, Enterobacter, and Clostridium. Overall, intestinal MPs in zoo animals may select, enrich, and export high-risk microbiomes, highlighting the need for MP mitigation and evidence-based management of zoos and adjacent ecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ismejo\/wrag207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T11:39:42Z","timestamp":1785843582000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Zoo gut plastispheres enable pathogen escape and adaptation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Zipei","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory of Applied Technology for Forestry & Ecology in South China, and Laboratory of Urban Forest Ecology of Hunan Province; Department of Ecology and Environment, Central South University of Forestry and Technology , Changsha, Hunan Province 410004 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