{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:05:57Z","timestamp":1792785957710,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":259,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"GEMS Biology Integration Institute","award":["2022049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022049"]}]},{"name":"NSF Long-term Ecological Research Program","award":["DEB 2224712"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB 2224712"]}]},{"name":"Kellogg Biological Station and by Michigan State University AgBioResearch","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05hs6h993","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Though they jointly shape community responses to environmental perturbations, ecology and evolution are often examined separately, even in microorganisms where both occur over short timescales. Here, we examine ecological and evolutionary responses to 33\u00a0years of nitrogen fertilization using the legume\u2013rhizobium mutualism. Pairing a manipulative inoculation study with full-length 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and structural equation modeling allows us to synthesize across biological scales: whole bacterial community, genus Rhizobium, Rhizobium amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), and symbiosis plasmids. Clover\u2019s preferred partner decreases in N-addition soils, limiting host growth, while a diverse and largely uncharacterized Rhizobium community increases. This ecological change is compounded by a concurrent evolutionary degradation of symbiont partner quality via changing frequencies of symbiotic plasmids. Ecological (rarer symbionts) and evolutionary (inferior symbionts) processes each accounted for roughly half of this loss of host benefit, revealing that ecology and evolution jointly shape mutualism breakdown over the short timescales typical of microbial systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ismejo\/wrag228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T14:37:09Z","timestamp":1789655829000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Concurrent ecological and evolutionary processes contribute to mutualism breakdown between legumes and rhizobia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0090-4256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sierra L","family":"Bedwell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL 61801 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Carl R Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, 61801, IL ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0731-354X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabelle M","family":"Lakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL 61801 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Carl R Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, 61801, IL ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8114-4009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allison R","family":"Megow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carl R Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, 61801, IL ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, 61801, IL ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelina E","family":"Carpenter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carl R Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, 61801, IL ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL 61801 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8067-8900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin D","family":"Ricks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carl R Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, 61801, IL ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL 61801 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7749-5844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher J","family":"Fields","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carl R Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, 61801, IL ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL 61801 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8344-5421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer A","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington , Bloomington, IN ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2263-5798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel J","family":"Whitaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL 61801 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Carl R Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, 61801, IL ,","place":["United 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