{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T19:22:12Z","timestamp":1773084132461,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,7]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/44.1.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T22:24:55Z","timestamp":1027722295000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Pneumococcal macrolide resistance\u2014myth or reality?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Guy W.","family":"Amsden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartlett, J. G. & Mundy, L. M. (1995). Community-acquired pneumonia. New England Journal of Medicine333, 1618\u201324.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199512143332408"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ballow, C. H., Jones, R. N., Johnson, D. M., Deinhart, J. A. & Schentag, J. J. (1997). Comparative in vitro assessment of sparfloxacin activity and spectrum using results from over 14,000 pathogens isolated at 190 medical centers in the USA. SPAR Study Group. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Diseases29, 173\u201386.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(97)81807-X"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doern, G. V., Brueggemann, A., Holley, H. P. & Rauch, A. M. (1996). Antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae recovered from outpatients in the United States during the winter months of 1994 to 1995: results of a 30-center national surveillance stud. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy40, 1208\u201313.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.5.1208"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ostroff, S. M., Harrison, L. H., Khallaf, N., Assaad, M. T., Guirguis, N. I., Harrington, S. et al. (1996). Resistance patterns of Streptococcus pneumonia and Haemophilus influenzae isolates recovered in Egypt from children with pneumonia. The Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Study Group. Clinical Infectious Diseases23, 1069\u201374.","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/23.5.1069"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomasz, A. (1997). Antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumonia.Clinical Infectious Diseases24, Suppl. 1,S85\u20138.","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/24.Supplement_1.S85"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niederman, M. S., Bass, J. B., Campbell, G. D., Fein, A. M., Grossman, R. F., Mandell, L. A. et al. (1993). Guidelines for the initial management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia: diagnosis, assessment of severity, and initial antimicrobial therapy. American Review of Respiratory Diseases148, 1418\u201326.","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/148.5.1418"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartlett, J. G., Breiman, R. F., Mandell, L. A. & File, T. M. (1998). Community-acquired pneumonia in adults: guidelines for management. The Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical Infectious Diseases26, 811\u201338.","DOI":"10.1086\/513953"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amsden, G. W. (1996). Erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin: are the differences real? Clinical Therapeutics18, 56\u201372.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(96)80179-2"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R9","unstructured":"National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. (1993). Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria that Grow Aerobically\u2014Third Edition: Approved Standard M7-A3. NCCLS, Villanova, PA."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R10","unstructured":"National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. (1995). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing\u2014Sixth Information Supplement M100\u2013S6. NCCLS, Villanova, PA."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arason, V. A., Kristinsson, K. G., Sigurdsson, J. A., Stefansdottir, G., Molstad, S. & Gudmundsson, S. (1996). Do antimicrobials increase the carriage rate of penicillin resistant pneumococci in children? Cross sectional prevalence study. Britsh Medical Journal313, 387\u201391.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7054.387"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzales, R., Steiner, J. F. & Sande, M. A. (1997). Antibiotic prescribing for adults with colds, upper respiratory tract infections, and bronchitis by ambulatory care physicians. Journal of the American Medical Association278, 901\u20134.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550110039033"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seppala, H., Klaukka, T., Vuopio-Varkila, J., Muotiala, A., Helenius, H., Lager, K. et al. (1997). The effect of changes in the consumption of macrolide antibiotics on erythromycin resistance in group A streptococci in Finland. Finnish Study Group for Antimicrobial Resistance. New England Journal of Medicine337, 441\u20136.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199708143370701"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lipsitch, M. & Levin, B. R. (1997). The population dynamics of antimicrobial chemotherapy. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy41, 363\u201373.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.41.2.363"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R15","unstructured":"Kashuba, A. D. M., Nafziger, A. N., Drusano, G. L. & Bertino, J. S. (1996). Early optimization of aminoglycoside (AG) pharmacokinetic (PK) goals reduces time to therapeutic response (TR) in Gram-negative pneumonia (GNP). In Program and Abstracts of the Thirty-Sixth Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, New Orleans, LA, 1996. Abstract A100, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R16","unstructured":"Lantero, M., Portillo, A., Gasta\u00f1area, M. J., Ruiz-Larrea, F., Zarazaga, M., Olarte, I. et al. (1998). MLS resistance phenotypes and mechanisms in S. pneumoniae. In Program and Abstracts of the Fourth International Conference on the Macrolides, Azalides, Streptogramins and Ketolides, Barcelona, Spain, 1998. Abstract 3.10, Wallace Communications, Inc., Atlanta, GA."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R17","unstructured":"Shortridge, D., Urban, C., Rahal, J. J., Mariano, N., Ramer, N. & Tanaka, S. K. (1998). Prevalence of ermAm and mefE in penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. In Program and Abstracts of the Fourth International Conference on the Macrolides, Azalides, Streptogramins and Ketolides, Barcelona, Spain, 1998. Abstract 3.13, Wallace Communications, Inc., Atlanta, GA."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R18","unstructured":"Tonoli, E., Marchese, A., Debbia, E. A. & Schito, G. C. (1998). Prevalence and characterisation of the mechanisms of macrolide resistance in 830 penicillin-susceptible s. pneumoniae isolated in Italy during 1993-1997. In Program and Abstracts of the Fourth International Conference on the Macrolides, Azalides, Streptogramins and Ketolides, Barcelona, Spain, 1998. Abstract 3.17, Wallace Communications, Inc., Atlanta, GA."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R19","unstructured":"Marchese, A., Schito, G. C. & Tomasz, A. (1997). Preponderance of multidrug-resistant clones among penicillin resistant isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Italy. In Program and Abstracts of the Thirty-Seventh Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Toronto, Canada, 1997. Abstract C\u201375, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerardo, S. H., Citron, D. M., Claros, M. C. & Goldstein, E. J. C. (1996). Comparison of Etest to broth microdilution method for testing Streptococcus pneumoniae susceptibility to levofloxacin and three macrolides. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy40, 2413\u20135.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.10.2413"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hardy, D. J., Hense, D. M., Beyer, J. M., Vojtko, C., McDonald, E. J. & Fernandes, P. B. (1988). Comparative in vitro activities of new 14-, 15-, and 16-membered macrolides. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy32 , 1710\u20139.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.32.11.1710"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, O. (1996). An open comparative study of azithromycin and roxithromycin in the treatment of acute upper respiratory tract infections. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy37, Suppl. C,83\u201392.","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/37.suppl_C.83"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O' Doherty, B. (1996). An open comparative study of azithromycin versus cefaclor in the treatment of patients with upper respiratory tract infections. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy37, Suppl. C,71\u201381.","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/37.suppl_C.71"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R24","unstructured":"Parola, D., Dell'Orso, D., D' Angelo, M., D'Emilio, V. & De Maio, F. (1998). Clarithromycin in community-acquired pneumonia. In Program and Abstracts of the Fourth International Conference on the Macrolides, Azalides, Streptogramins and Ketolides, Barcelona, Spain, 1998. Abstract 8.24, Wallace Communications, Inc., Atlanta, GA."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez, A. F. (1996). An open study to compare azithromycin with cefaclor in the treatment of children with acute otitis media. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy37, Suppl. C,63\u20139.","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/37.suppl_C.63"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R26","unstructured":"Craig, W. A. (1997). Postantibiotic effects and the dosing of macrolides, azalides, and streptogramins. In Expanding Indications for the New Macrolides, Azalides, and Streptogramins (Zinner, S. H., Young, L. S., Acar, J. F. & Neu, H. C., Eds), pp. 27\u201338, Marcel Dekker, New York."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amsden, G. W., Ballow, C. H. & Forrest, A. (1997). Comparison of the plasma urine and blister fluid pharmacokinetics of clarithromycin and azithromycin in normal subjects. Clinical Drug Investigation13, 152\u201361.","DOI":"10.2165\/00044011-199713030-00005"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ballow, C. H., Amsden, G. W., Highet, V. S. & Forrest, A. (1998). Healthy volunteer pharmacokinetics of oral azithromycin in serum, urine, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and inflammatory vs. non-inflammatory skin blisters. Clinical Drug Investigation15, 159\u201367.","DOI":"10.2165\/00044011-199815020-00009"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freeman, C. D., Nightingale, C. H., Nicolau, D. P., Belliveau, P. P., Banevicius, M. A. & Quintiliani, R. (1994). Intracellular and extracellular penetration of azithromycin into inflammatory and noninflammatory blister fluid. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy38, 2449\u201351.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.38.10.2449"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R30","unstructured":"Amsden, G. W., Nafziger, A. N. & Foulds, G. (1998). Oral azithromycin (AZ) serum and WBC pharmacokinetics when administered over a 3 or 5 day period. In Program and Abstracts of the Fourth International Conference on the Macrolides, Azalides, Streptogramins and Ketolides, Barcelona, Spain, 1998. Abstract 12.05, Wallace Communications, Inc., Atlanta, GA."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olsen, K. M., SanPedro, G. S., Gann, L. P., Gubbins, P. O., Halinski, D. M. & Campbell, G. D. (1996). Intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics of azithromycin in healthy volunteers given five oral doses. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy40, 2582\u20135.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.11.2582"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foulds, G., Shepard, R. M. & Johnson, R. B. (1990). The pharmacokinetics of azithromycin in human serum and tissues. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy25, Suppl. A,73\u201382.","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/25.suppl_A.73"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldwin, D. R., Wise, R., Andrews, J. M., Ashby, J. P. & Honeybourne, D. (1990). Azithromycin concentrations at the site of pulmonary infections. European Respiratory Journal3, 886\u201390.","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.93.03080886"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fraschini, F., Scaglione, F., Pintucci, G., Maccarinelli, G., Dugnani, S. & Demartini, G. (1991). The diffusion of clarithromycin and roxithromycin into nasal mucosa, tonsil and lung in humans. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy27, Suppl. A, 61\u20135.","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/27.suppl_A.61"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conte, J. E., Golden, J., Duncan, S., McKenna, E., Lin, E. & Zurlinden, E. (1996). Single-dose intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics of azithromycin, clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and cefuroxime in volunteer subjects. Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy40, 1617\u201322.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.7.1617"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel, K. B., Xuan, D., Tessier, P. R., Russomanno, J. H., Quintiliani, R. & Nightingale, C. H. (1996). Comparison of bronchopulmonary pharmacokinetics of clarithromycin and azithromycin. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy40, 2375\u20139.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.10.2375"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R37","unstructured":"Hyatt, J. M. & Schentag, J. J. (1998). A comparison of resistance emergence rates in Streptococcus pneumoniae following exposure to subinhibitory or higher concentrations of azithromycin, ampicillin or cefaclor. In Program and Abstracts of the Fourth International Conference on the Macrolides, Azalides, Streptogramins and Ketolides, Barcelona, Spain, 1998. Abstract 3.14, Wallace Communications, Inc., Atlanta, GA."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishiguro, M., Koga, H., Kohno, S., Hayashi, T., Yamaguchi, K. & Hirota, M. (1989). Penetration of macrolides into human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy24, 719\u201329.","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/24.5.719"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amsden, G. W., Peloquin, C. A. & Berning, S. E.(1997). The role of advanced generation macrolides in the prophylaxis and treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infections. Drugs54, 69\u2013 80.","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199754010-00006"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170411034004_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clarithromycin Product Information, Abbott, 1997.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-6690(96)00207-5"}],"container-title":["Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jac\/article-pdf\/44\/1\/1\/13056730\/JAC4411.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]],"date-time":"2023-04-23T03:40:38Z","timestamp":1682221238000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jac\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1093\/jac\/44.1.1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,7]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/44.1.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1460-2091","0305-7453"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1460-2091","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0305-7453","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,7]]}}}