{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T10:09:24Z","timestamp":1768471764214,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,3]],"date-time":"2020-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Ministry of Health from Argentina"},{"name":"Becas Abraam Sonis Salud Investiga 2018"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Current knowledge on HIV-1 resistance to integrase inhibitors (INIs) is based mostly on subtype B strains. This contrasts with the increasing use of INIs in low- and middle-income countries, where non-B subtypes predominate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>HIV-1 drug resistance genotyping was performed in 30 HIV-1-infected individuals undergoing virological failure to raltegravir. Drug resistance mutations (DRMs) and HIV-1 subtype were characterized using Stanford HIVdb and phylogenetic analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 30 integrase (IN) sequences, 14 were characterized as subtype F (47%), 8 as subtype B (27%), 7 as BF recombinants (23%) and 1 as a putative CRF05_DF (3%). In 25 cases (83%), protease and reverse transcriptase (PR-RT) sequences from the same individuals confirmed the presence of different BF recombinants. Stanford HIVdb genotyping was concordant with phylogenetic inference in 70% of IN and 60% of PR-RT sequences. INI DRMs differed between B and F IN subtypes, with Q148K\/R\/H, G140S and E138K\/A being more prevalent in subtype B (63% versus 0%, P\u2009=\u20090.0021; 50% versus 0%, P\u2009=\u20090.0096; and 50% versus 0%, P\u2009=\u20090.0096, respectively). These differences were independent of the time on raltegravir therapy or viral load at the time of genotyping. INI DRMs in subtype F IN genomes predicted a lower level of resistance to raltegravir and no cross-resistance to second-generation INIs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Alternative resistance pathways to raltegravir develop in subtypes B and F IN genomes, with implications for clinical practice. Evaluating the role of HIV-1 subtype in development and persistence of mutations that confer resistance to INIs will be important to improve algorithms for resistance testing and optimize the use of INIs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,28]],"date-time":"2020-01-28T21:04:47Z","timestamp":1580245487000},"page":"1567-1574","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Impact of genotypic diversity on selection of subtype-specific drug resistance profiles during raltegravir-based therapy in individuals infected with B and BF recombinant HIV-1 strains"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Daniela","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda Celular y Retrovirus-CONICET, Unidad de Virolog\u00eda y Epidemiolog\u00eda Molecular, Hospital de Pediatr\u00eda \u201cJuan P. Garrahan\u201d, Buenos Aires, Argentina"},{"name":"Centro Provincial VIH\/SIDA y Hepatitis Virales de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Instituto Biol\u00f3gico Dr Tom\u00e1s Per\u00f3n, La Plata, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Solange","family":"Arazi Caillaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Epidemiolog\u00eda e Infectolog\u00eda, Hospital de Pediatr\u00eda \u201cJuan P. Garrahan\u201d, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ines","family":"Zapiola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Virolog\u00eda, Hospital de Infecciosas \u201cFrancisco J. Mu\u00f1iz\u201d, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvina","family":"Fernandez Giuliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Virolog\u00eda, Hospital de Infecciosas \u201cFrancisco J. 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Garrahan\u201d, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6760-842X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula C","family":"Aulicino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda Celular y Retrovirus-CONICET, Unidad de Virolog\u00eda y Epidemiolog\u00eda Molecular, Hospital de Pediatr\u00eda \u201cJuan P. 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