{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T23:41:39Z","timestamp":1789688499497,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004330","name":"GlaxoSmithKline","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004330","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To determine antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae isolates from community-acquired respiratory tract infections (CA-RTIs) collected in 2015\u201317 from Argentina, Chile and Costa Rica.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>MICs were determined by CLSI broth microdilution and susceptibility was assessed using CLSI, EUCAST (dose-specific) and pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic (PK\/PD) breakpoints.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 170 S. pneumoniae and 218 H. influenzae isolates were collected at five centres in Argentina, Chile and Costa Rica in 2015\u201317. Small S. pneumoniae isolate numbers from Costa Rica (n\u2009=\u20092) meant that these could only be included in the penicillin susceptibility analysis; they were excluded from further country analyses. Around one-third of pneumococcal isolates from Argentina and two-thirds from Chile were non-susceptible to penicillin by CLSI oral or EUCAST low-dose IV breakpoints, but most (\u226589%) were susceptible by CLSI IV or EUCAST high-dose breakpoints. Amongst pneumococci from Argentina, about 80% or more were susceptible to most other antibiotics except cefaclor (all breakpoints), cefixime (PK\/PD breakpoints), cefuroxime (EUCAST breakpoints) and trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole (CLSI and PK\/PD breakpoints). S. pneumoniae isolates from Chile showed significantly lower susceptibility (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05) using CLSI breakpoints compared with those from Argentina for many of the antibiotics tested. Among isolates of H. influenzae from Latin America, more than 90% were susceptible to amoxicillin\/clavulanic acid (high dose), cefixime, cefpodoxime, ceftriaxone and fluoroquinolones, irrespective of the breakpoints used. The application of different EUCAST breakpoints for low and higher doses for some of the antibiotics (amoxicillin, amoxicillin\/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, penicillin, ceftriaxone, clarithromycin, erythromycin, levofloxacin and trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole) allowed, for the first time in a SOAR study, the effect of raising the dosage on susceptibility to be quantified.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Antibiotic susceptibility of H. influenzae isolates was generally high in the Latin American countries studied; however, susceptibility profiles varied for S. pneumoniae by country and depending on the breakpoints used, especially for cefaclor. These factors are important in decision making for empirical therapy of bacterial infections.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,16]],"date-time":"2020-03-16T20:33:21Z","timestamp":1584390801000},"page":"i43-i59","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Results from the Survey of Antibiotic Resistance (SOAR) 2015\u201317 in Latin America (Argentina, Chile and Costa Rica): data based on CLSI, EUCAST (dose-specific) and pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic (PK\/PD) breakpoints"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"D","family":"Torumkuney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline, 980 Great West Road, Brentford, Middlesex TW8 9GS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Smayevsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Educaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica e Investigaciones Cl\u00ednicas Dr Norberto Quirno (CEMIC), Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M S","family":"Relloso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Educaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica e Investigaciones Cl\u00ednicas Dr Norberto Quirno (CEMIC), Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Sucari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stamboulian Servicios de Salud, Unidad Microbiolog\u00eda, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Pennini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stamboulian Servicios de Salud, Unidad Microbiolog\u00eda, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Brilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbi\u00f3logo Qu\u00edmico Cl\u00ednico, Laboratorio Centro de Investigaciones M\u00e9dicas, San Jose, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V","family":"Vilches","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universitario Austral, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y","family":"De la Cruz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universitario Austral, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I","family":"Morrissey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IHMA Europe S\u00e0rl, Route de l\u2019Ile-au-Bois 1A, 1870 Monthey\/VS, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020042620060783300_dkaa083-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2019.1562339","article-title":"The burden of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia in the era of antibiotic 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