{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T20:07:25Z","timestamp":1760386045840,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]],"date-time":"2020-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009571","name":"French Institute for Public Health Surveillance","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009571","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005902","name":"D\u00e9l\u00e9gation G\u00e9n\u00e9rale pour l\u2019Armement","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005902","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Plasmodium falciparum resistance to most antimalarial compounds has emerged in Southeast Asia and spread to Africa. In this context, the development of new antimalarial drugs is urgent.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To determine the baseline in vitro activity of methylene blue (Proveblue\u00ae) on African isolates and to determine whether parasites have different phenotypes of susceptibility to methylene blue.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ex vivo susceptibility to methylene blue was measured for 609 P. falciparum isolates of patients hospitalized in France for malaria imported from Africa. A Bayesian statistical analysis was designed to describe the distribution of median effective concentration (EC50) estimates.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The EC50 ranged from 0.16 to 87.2\u2009nM with a geometric mean of 7.17\u2009nM (95% CI\u2009=\u20096.21\u20138.13). The 609 EC50 values were categorized into four components: A (mean\u2009=\u20092.5\u2009nM; 95% CI\u2009=\u20092.28\u20132.72), B (mean\u2009=\u20097.44\u2009nM; 95% CI\u2009=\u20097.07\u20137.81), C (mean\u2009=\u200916.29\u2009nM; 95% CI\u2009=\u200915.40\u201317.18) and D (mean\u2009=\u200938.49\u2009nM; 95% CI\u2009=\u200934.14\u201342.84). The threshold value for in vitro reduced susceptibility to methylene blue was estimated at 35\u2009nM using the geometric mean of EC50 plus 2 SDs of the 609 isolates. This cut-off also corresponds to the lower limit of the 95% CI of the methylene blue EC50 of component D. Thirty-five isolates (5.7%) displayed EC50 values above this threshold.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Methylene blue exerts a promising efficacy against P. falciparum and is a potential partner for triple combinations.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]],"date-time":"2020-04-10T03:23:34Z","timestamp":1586489014000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Baseline and multinormal distribution of ex vivo susceptibilities of Plasmodium falciparum to methylene blue in Africa, 2013\u201318"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Gendrot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unite Parasitologie et Entomologie, D\u00e9partement Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale des Arm\u00e9es, Marseille, 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