{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T15:37:28Z","timestamp":1768318648903,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]],"date-time":"2020-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"internal funding"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Antiretroviral dual regimens including lamivudine and one boosted PI or dolutegravir are warranted in order to optimize combination ART (cART), prevent long-term toxicity and reduce the cost of treatments.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We hypothesized that a maintenance dual regimen of lamivudine plus raltegravir would be effective and as well tolerated as the dual maintenance combination of lamivudine plus dolutegravir.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We performed an observational, retrospective study of HIV-infected patients on suppressive ART who switched to a dual regimen containing lamivudine 300\u2009mg once daily plus raltegravir 1200\u2009mg once daily or dolutegravir 50\u2009mg once daily.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In total, 109 patients (79 men; mean age 46.4\u2009years; mean CD4+ T lymphocyte count 605\u2009cells\/mm3) were enrolled. Overall, 50 subjects switched to lamivudine plus raltegravir (Group A) and 59 to lamivudine plus dolutegravir (Group B). After 12\u2009months, 45 patients (90%) in Group A and 52 (88.1%) in Group B had HIV RNA &amp;lt;20\u2005copies\/mL. No patients had severe adverse effects in either group, and the percentages of patients with mild adverse effects were comparable, except for a higher incidence of headache and sleeping disturbances in Group B than in Group A (30.5% versus 14%, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). A comparable and non-significant weight increase was reported in both groups (+1.91\u2009kg in Group A and +2.28\u2009kg in Group B).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In our study, dual therapies containing lamivudine plus raltegravir or dolutegravir in virologically suppressed patients showed high and comparable efficacy, as well as good tolerability.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,2]],"date-time":"2020-07-02T19:12:03Z","timestamp":1593717123000},"page":"3327-3333","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Simplification to dual therapy containing lamivudine and raltegravir or dolutegravir in HIV-infected patients on virologically suppressive antiretroviral therapy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Calza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Infectious Diseases, \u2018Alma Mater Studiorum\u2019 University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Colangeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Infectious Diseases, \u2018Alma Mater Studiorum\u2019 University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Borderi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Infectious Diseases, \u2018Alma Mater Studiorum\u2019 University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diletta","family":"Testi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Infectious Diseases, \u2018Alma Mater Studiorum\u2019 University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Granozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Infectious Diseases, \u2018Alma Mater Studiorum\u2019 University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Bon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Microbiology, \u2018Alma Mater Studiorum\u2019 University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Carla","family":"Re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Microbiology, \u2018Alma Mater Studiorum\u2019 University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierluigi","family":"Viale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Infectious Diseases, \u2018Alma Mater Studiorum\u2019 University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020101604550194000_dkaa319-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0148231","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148231","article-title":"Dual therapy treatment strategies for the management of patients infected with HIV: a systematic review of current evidence in ARV-naive or ARV-experienced, virologically suppressed patients","volume":"11","author":"Baril","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2020101604550194000_dkaa319-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2017.1343300","article-title":"Dual antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection","volume":"16","author":"Soriano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"key":"2020101604550194000_dkaa319-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028018758432","article-title":"Dolutegravir dual therapy as maintenance treatment in HIV-infected patients: a review","volume":"52","author":"Boswell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"2020101604550194000_dkaa319-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1517\/17425250903490418","article-title":"Lamivudine for the treatment of HIV","volume":"6","author":"Kumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol"},{"key":"2020101604550194000_dkaa319-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000137003.25258.76","article-title":"New nucleoside\/nucleotide backbone options: a review of recent studies","volume":"37 Suppl 1","author":"Ruane","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2020101604550194000_dkaa319-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-013-0325-8","article-title":"A review of the toxicity of HIV medications","volume":"10","author":"Margolis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"2020101604550194000_dkaa319-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00096-1","article-title":"Dual treatment with lopinavir-ritonavir plus lamivudine versus triple treatment with lopinavir-ritonavir plus lamivudine or emtricitabine and a second nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitor for maintenance of HIV-1 viral suppression (OLE): a randomised, open-label, non-inferiority trial","volume":"15","author":"Arribas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020101604550194000_dkaa319-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw379","article-title":"Simplification to dual therapy (atazanavir\/ritonavir\u200a+\u200alamivudine) versus standard triple therapy [atazanavir\/ritonavir\u200a+\u200atwo nucleos(t)ides] in virologically stable patients on antiretroviral therapy: 96 week results from an open-label, non-inferiority, randomized clinical trial (SALT study)","volume":"72","author":"Perez-Molina","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2020101604550194000_dkaa319-B9","first-page":"1163","article-title":"Treatment simplification to atazanavir\/ritonavir + lamivudine versus maintenance of atazanavir\/ritonavir + two NRTIs in virologically suppressed HIV-1-infected patients: 48 week results from a randomized trial (ATLAS-M","volume":"72","author":"Di Giambenedetto","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2020101604550194000_dkaa319-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix734","article-title":"Dual therapy with darunavir and ritonavir plus lamivudine vs triple therapy with darunavir and ritonavir plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine or abacavir and lamivudine for maintenance of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral suppression: randomized, open-label, noninferiority DUAL-GESIDA 8014-RIS-EST45 trial","volume":"65","author":"Pulido","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020101604550194000_dkaa319-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2017.1410285","article-title":"Simplification to dual-therapy containing lamivudine and darunavir\/ritonavir or atazanavir\/ritonavir in HIV-infected patients on virologically suppressive antiretroviral therapy","volume":"50","author":"Calza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020101604550194000_dkaa319-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21678","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.20.01.21678","article-title":"Dolutegravir-lamivudine as initial therapy in HIV-1 infected ARV-naive patients, 48-week results of the PADDLE (Pilot Antiretroviral Design with Dolutegravir Lamivudine) study","volume":"20","author":"Cahn","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"2020101604550194000_dkaa319-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ciz1243","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz1243","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of switching to dolutegravir\/lamivudine fixed-dose two-drug regimen versus continuing a tenofovir alafenamide-based three- or four-drug regimen for maintenance of virologic suppression in adults with HIV-1: phase 3, randomized, non-inferiority TANGO study","author":"van Wyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020101604550194000_dkaa319-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31828ace69","article-title":"Durable efficacy and safety of raltegravir versus efavirenz when combined with tenofovir\/emtricitabine in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients: final 5-year results from STARTMRK","volume":"63","author":"Rockstroh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2020101604550194000_dkaa319-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70093-8","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of raltegravir for treatment of HIV for 5 years in the BENCHMRK studies: final results of two randomised, placebo-controlled trials","volume":"13","author":"Eron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020101604550194000_dkaa319-B16","first-page":"1254","article-title":"Switching to raltegravir from a virologically effective boosted protease inhibitor regimen: a comparative effectiveness analysis from the French Hospital Database on HIV (FHDH-ANRS CO4)","volume":"63","author":"Potard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020101604550194000_dkaa319-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx106","article-title":"Raltegravir plus lamivudine as \u2018maintenance\u2019 therapy in suppressed HIV-1-infected patients in real-life settings","volume":"72","author":"Cucchetto","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2020101604550194000_dkaa319-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1114248","article-title":"Estimating glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine and cystatin C","volume":"367","author":"Inker","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2020101604550194000_dkaa319-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32462-0","article-title":"Dolutegravir plus lamivudine versus dolutegravir plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine in antiretroviral-naive adults with HIV-1 infection (GEMINI-1 and GEMINI-2): week 48 results from two multicentre, double-blind, randomized, non-inferiority, phase 3 trials","volume":"393","author":"Cahn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020101604550194000_dkaa319-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002275","article-title":"Durable efficacy of dolutegravir (DTG) plus lamivudine (3TC) in antiretroviral treatment-na\u00efve adults with HIV-1 infection: 96-week results from the GEMINI-1 and GEMINI-2 randomized clinical trials","volume":"83","author":"Cahn","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2020101604550194000_dkaa319-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky093","article-title":"Dolutegravir-based maintenance monotherapy versus dual therapy with lamivudine: a planned 24 week analysis of the DOLAM randomized clinical trial","volume":"73","author":"Blanco","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2020101604550194000_dkaa319-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16813","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000016813","article-title":"DOLAMA study: effectiveness, safety and pharmacoeconomic analysis of dual therapy with dolutegravir and lamivudine in virologically suppressed HIV-1 patients","volume":"98","author":"Hidalgo-Tenorio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"2020101604550194000_dkaa319-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2018.11.005","article-title":"Systematic de-escalation of successful triple antiretroviral therapy to dual therapy with dolutegravir plus emtricitabine or lamivudine in Swiss HIV-positive persons","volume":"6","author":"Diaco","year":"2018","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"2020101604550194000_dkaa319-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12781","article-title":"Dual therapy with renally adjusted lamivudine and dolutegravir: a switch strategy to manage comorbidity and toxicity in older, suppressed patients?","volume":"20","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"2020101604550194000_dkaa319-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2019.09.002","article-title":"Long term data on the efficacy and tolerability of lamivudine plus dolutegravir as a switch strategy in a multi-center cohort of HIV1-infected, virologically suppressed patients","volume":"54","author":"Baldin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"2020101604550194000_dkaa319-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/25787489.2019.1653512","article-title":"Reduced soluble CD14 levels after switching from a dual regimen with lamivudine plus boosted protease inhibitors to lamivudine plus dolutegravir in virologically suppressed HIV-infected patients","author":"Lombardi","year":"2019","journal-title":"HIV Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"2020101604550194000_dkaa319-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002311","article-title":"A 24-week pilot study of dual maintenance therapy with raltegravir and lamivudine","volume":"33","author":"de Lazzari","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2020101604550194000_dkaa319-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP2812","article-title":"Impact of prior virological failure and nucleos(t)ide genotypic resistance mutations on the efficacy of switching from ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors to raltegravir","volume":"20","author":"Blanco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"key":"2020101604550194000_dkaa319-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P130","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-2652-13-S4-P130","article-title":"Analysis of BENCHMRK 1 & 2 using PhenoSense assay for darunavir(DRV\/r) resistance and exploration of functional monotherapy with RAL vs DRV","volume":"13 Suppl 4","author":"Rockstroh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"2020101604550194000_dkaa319-B30","year":"2019"},{"key":"2020101604550194000_dkaa319-B31"},{"key":"2020101604550194000_dkaa319-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2019.0264","article-title":"HIV-1 integrase diversity and resistance-associated mutations and polymorphisms among integrase strand transfer inhibitor-naive HIV-1 patients from Cameroon","volume":"36","author":"Mikasi","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"2020101604550194000_dkaa319-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1086\/644769","article-title":"Simplification of antiretroviral therapy with tenofovir\/emtricitabine or abacavir\/lamivudine: a randomized, 96-week trial","volume":"49","author":"Martin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020101604550194000_dkaa319-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181a572cf","article-title":"Simplification of antiretroviral therapy to a single-tablet regimen consisting of efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate versus unmodified antiretroviral therapy in virologically suppressed HIV-1-infected patients","volume":"51","author":"Dejesus","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2020101604550194000_dkaa319-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32833a608a","article-title":"Substitution of raltegravir for ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors in HIV-infected patients: the SPIRAL study","volume":"24","author":"Martinez","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2020101604550194000_dkaa319-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2019.0253","article-title":"Prior case of resistance on dolutegravir plus lamivudine dual therapy","volume":"36","author":"Taiwo","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"}],"container-title":["Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jac\/article-pdf\/75\/11\/3327\/33893187\/dkaa319.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jac\/article-pdf\/75\/11\/3327\/33893187\/dkaa319.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]],"date-time":"2020-10-16T08:55:36Z","timestamp":1602838536000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jac\/article\/75\/11\/3327\/5878312"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkaa319","relation":{},"ISSN":["0305-7453","1460-2091"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0305-7453","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2091","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]]}}}