{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T11:22:27Z","timestamp":1792063347049,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,7]],"date-time":"2020-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Antibiotics may be indicated in patients with COVID-19 due to suspected or confirmed bacterial superinfection.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To investigate antibiotic prescribing practices in patients with COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We performed an international web-based survey and investigated the pattern of antibiotic use as reported by physicians involved in treatment of COVID-19. SPSS Statistics version 25 was used for data analysis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The survey was completed by 166 participants from 23 countries and 82 different hospitals. Local guidelines for antibiotic use in COVID-19 patients were reported by 61.8% (n\u2009=\u2009102) of participants and for 82.9% (n\u2009=\u2009136) they did not differ from local community-acquired pneumonia guidelines. Clinical presentation was recognized as the most important reason for the start of antibiotics (mean score\u2009=\u20094.07 and SD\u2009=\u20091.095 on grading scale from 1 to 5). When antibiotics were started, most respondents rated as the highest the need for coverage of atypical pathogens (mean score\u2009=\u20092.8 and SD\u2009=\u20090.99), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (mean score\u2009=\u20092.67 and SD\u2009=\u20091.05 on bi-modal scale, with values 1 and 2 for disagreement and values 3 and 4 for agreement). In the patients on the ward, 29.1% of respondents chose not to prescribe any antibiotic. Combination of \u03b2-lactams and macrolides or fluoroquinolones was reported by 52.4% (n\u2009=\u200987) of respondents. In patients in the ICU, piperacillin\/tazobactam was the most commonly prescribed antibiotic. The mean reported duration of antibiotic treatment was 7.12 (SD\u2009=\u20092.44) days.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The study revealed widespread broad-spectrum antibiotic use in patients with COVID-19. Implementation of antimicrobial stewardship principles is warranted to mitigate the negative consequences of antibiotic therapy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]],"date-time":"2020-07-09T19:09:39Z","timestamp":1594321779000},"page":"3386-3390","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":209,"title":["Antibiotic use in patients with COVID-19: a \u2018snapshot\u2019 Infectious Diseases International Research Initiative (ID-IRI) survey"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Bojana","family":"Beovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"May","family":"Dou\u0161ak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Ferreira-Coimbra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio do Porto, Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Nadrah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Rubulotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College NHS Trust, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirko","family":"Belliato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOC Anestesia e Rianimazone 1, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Berger-Estilita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Folusakin","family":"Ayoade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Rello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia Critical Care Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital of Nimes, Montpellier University, Nimes, France"},{"name":"CIBERES, Vall d'Hebron Institut of Research, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro Biomedico de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, 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