{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T11:12:10Z","timestamp":1788865930320,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]],"date-time":"2020-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Louisiana Biomedical Collaborative Research Program"},{"name":"National Science Foundation Bridge to the Doctorate Fellowship","award":["# NSF HRD-1301957"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# NSF HRD-1301957"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["# CHE-1905105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# CHE-1905105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Reducing Neisseria gonorrhoeae colonies in the oropharynx is a viable solution to minimize the transmission of this bacterium amongst individuals.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A strategy involving the electrostatic interaction between a common antiseptic and a discontinued antibiotic (i.e. octenidine and carbenicillin) was evaluated as a potential treatment for gonorrhoea. Octenidine\/carbenicillin is a novel group of uniform materials based on organic salts (GUMBOS) with inherent in vitro antibacterial activity that comes from its parent antiseptic and antibacterial ions, octenidine and carbenicillin, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Antibacterial activities for octenidine dihydrochloride, disodium carbenicillin, octenidine\/carbenicillin and stoichiometrically equivalent 1:1 octenidine dihydrochloride to disodium carbenicillin were assessed using the Kirby\u2013Bauer disc diffusion assay for N. gonorrhoeae (ATCC 49226) and three clinical isolates. Predictive permeability using the Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay and cytotoxicity against HeLa cells was also evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Additive in vitro antibacterial activities against N. gonorrhoeae were observed in this study, which suggests octenidine\/carbenicillin could be a useful agent in reducing N. gonorrhoeae transmission and minimizing gonorrhoea infections. Octenidine\/carbenicillin also exhibited bioequivalence to azithromycin and doxycycline, two currently prescribed antibiotics. Likewise, octenidine\/carbenicillin had improved predicted permeability compared with octenidine dihydrochloride.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Antimicrobial GUMBOS synthesized in this study could be used as an adjunctive treatment approach to current drug therapies for oropharyngeal gonorrhoea infection control and prevention.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]],"date-time":"2020-07-17T19:09:51Z","timestamp":1595012991000},"page":"3576-3581","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Octenidine\/carbenicillin GUMBOS as potential treatment for oropharyngeal gonorrhoea"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Kelsey M","family":"Lopez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey A","family":"Hobden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5336-7653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isiah M","family":"Warner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B1","year":"2017"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B2","year":"2019"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30341-4","article-title":"Testing for gonorrhoea should routinely include the pharynx","volume":"18","author":"Whittles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2018-053896","article-title":"Kissing may be an important and neglected risk factor for oropharyngeal gonorrhoeae: a cross-sectional study in men who have sex with men","volume":"95","author":"Chow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e367","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30306-8","article-title":"Kissing, saliva exchange, and transmission of Neisseria gonorrhoeae","volume":"19","author":"Hook","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1086\/648428","article-title":"Pharyngeal gonorrhea: an important reservoir of infection?","volume":"49","author":"Weinstock","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B7","first-page":"491","article-title":"Gonococcal pharyngeal infections: report of 110 cases","volume":"49","author":"Bro-Jorgensen","year":"1973","journal-title":"Br J Vener Dis"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B8","first-page":"D5","article-title":"A dangerous, \u201csilent reservoir\u201d for gonorrhea: the throat","author":"Pattani","year":"2017","journal-title":"The New York Times"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2014-051731","article-title":"Will targeting oropharyngeal gonorrhoea delay the further emergence of drug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains?","volume":"91","author":"Lewis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2016-053028","article-title":"Is there a role for topical antiseptics in the treatment of gonorrhoea?","volume":"93","author":"Miari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015","volume":"64","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19792","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.16.06.19792-en","article-title":"Ceftriaxone treatment failure of pharyngeal gonorrhoea verified by international recommendations, Sweden, July 2010","volume":"16","author":"Unemo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eurosurveill"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B13","year":"2018"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg404","article-title":"Ertapenem, the first of a new group of carbapenems","volume":"52","author":"Shah","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1927.02680330011004","article-title":"The treatment of acute gonorrhea with antiseptics in gelatin","volume":"88","author":"Herrold","year":"1927","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2016-052753","article-title":"Antiseptic mouthwash against pharyngeal Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a randomised controlled trial and an in vitro study","volume":"93","author":"Chow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4538","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00259-12","article-title":"Efficacy of octenidine hydrochloride for reducing Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes on cattle hide","volume":"78","author":"Baskaran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1983.tb00354.x","article-title":"Inhibition of plaque formation in humans by octenidine mouthrinse","volume":"18","author":"Patters","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Periodontal Res"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-7-44","article-title":"The percutaneous permeation of a combination of 0.1% octenidine dihydrochloride and 2% 2-phenoxyethanol (octenisept\u00ae) through skin of different species in vitro","volume":"7","author":"Stahl","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1159\/000314699","article-title":"Octenidine dihydrochloride, a modern antiseptic for skin, mucous membranes and wounds","volume":"23","author":"Hubner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Skin Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B21","year":"2014"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7184","DOI":"10.1021\/ac501529m","article-title":"Perspectives on moving ionic liquid chemistry into the solid phase","volume":"86","author":"Warner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6466","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules20046466","article-title":"Recycling antibiotics into GUMBOS: a new combination strategy to combat multi-drug-resistant bacteria","volume":"20","author":"Cole","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt010","article-title":"Minimizing human infection from Escherichia coli O157:H7 using GUMBOS","volume":"68","author":"Cole","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1971.03190140038007","article-title":"Carbenicillin therapy for Pseudomonas infections","volume":"218","author":"Bodey","year":"1971","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B26"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B27"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(70)92264-6","article-title":"Carbenicillin-induced bleeding disorder","author":"McClure","year":"1970","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1971.03190090065016","article-title":"Carbenicillin and bleeding","volume":"217","author":"Waisbren","year":"1971","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B30","volume-title":"Instrumental Data for Drug Analysis","author":"Mills","year":"1992"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B31","year":"2018"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Octenisept\u00ae: study of transplacental passage in an in vitro perfusion model with human placenta (in German)","volume":"10","author":"Weissenbacher","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Exp Clin Res"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B33","year":"2013"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B34","first-page":"41","article-title":"Gonorrhea: treatment and management considerations for the male patient","volume":"41","author":"Dalke","year":"2016","journal-title":"US Pharmacist"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B35","first-page":"931","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of gonococcal infections","volume":"86","author":"Mayor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B36","year":"2018"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B37","year":"2018"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2174\/157340911793743538","article-title":"Designing new \u03b2-lactams: implications from their targets, resistance factors and synthesizing enzymes","volume":"7","author":"Goo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Comput Aided Drug Des"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.3109\/01480545.2015.1121274","article-title":"Cytotoxic effects of octenidine mouth rinse on human fibroblasts and epithelial cells \u2013 an in vitro study","volume":"39","author":"Schmidt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.2319\/062008-322.1","article-title":"Microbiological evaluation of octenidine dihydrochloride mouth rinse after 5 days\u2019 use in orthodontic patients","volume":"79","author":"Dogan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-07445-2.00004-5","article-title":"Treatment of infectious diseases","author":"Kester","year":"2012","journal-title":"Elsevier\u2019s Integr Rev Pharmacol"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B42","volume-title":"Congestive Heart Failure: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Comprehensive Approach to Management","author":"Hosenpud","year":"2013"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2507.181561","article-title":"Oropharyngeal gonorrhea in absence of urogenital gonorrhea in sexual network of male and female participants, Australia, 2018","volume":"25","author":"Cornelisse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021082400105409600_dkaa346-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000421","article-title":"New thinking on gonorrhoea control in MSM: are antiseptic mouthwashes the answer?","volume":"31","author":"Fairley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jac\/article-pdf\/75\/12\/3576\/34291601\/dkaa346.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jac\/article-pdf\/75\/12\/3576\/34291601\/dkaa346.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]],"date-time":"2021-08-24T00:12:28Z","timestamp":1629763948000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jac\/article\/75\/12\/3576\/5896240"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkaa346","relation":{},"ISSN":["0305-7453","1460-2091"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0305-7453","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2091","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]]}}}