{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T16:57:09Z","timestamp":1774371429987,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]],"date-time":"2020-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010877","name":"ViiV Healthcare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010877","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation"},{"name":"Spanish AIDS Network \u2018Red Tem\u00e1tica Cooperativa de Investigaci\u00f3n en SIDA\u2019","award":["RD16\/0025\/0041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD16\/0025\/0041"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015670","name":"European AIDS Treatment Network","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015670","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad of Spain","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MTM2015-64465-C2-1-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MTM2015-64465-C2-1-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Transmission of resistance mutations to integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) in HIV-infected patients may compromise the efficacy of first-line antiretroviral regimens currently recommended worldwide. Continued surveillance of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) is thus warranted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>We evaluated the rates and effects on virological outcomes of TDR in a 96\u2009week prospective multicentre cohort study of ART-naive HIV-1-infected subjects initiating INSTI-based ART in Spain between April 2015 and December 2016.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pre-ART plasma samples were genotyped for integrase, protease and reverse transcriptase resistance using Sanger population sequencing or MiSeq\u2122 using a\u2009\u2265\u200920% mutant sensitivity cut-off. Those present at 1%\u201319% of the virus population were considered to be low-frequency variants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>From a total of 214 available samples, 173 (80.8%), 210 (98.1%) and 214 (100.0%) were successfully amplified for integrase, reverse transcriptase and protease genes, respectively. Using a Sanger-like cut-off, the overall prevalence of any TDR, INSTI-, NRTI-, NNRTI- and protease inhibitor (PI)-associated mutations was 13.1%, 1.7%, 3.8%, 7.1% and 0.9%, respectively. Only three (1.7%) subjects had INSTI TDR (R263K, E138K and G163R), while minority variants with integrase TDR were detected in 9.6% of subjects. There were no virological failures during 96\u2009weeks of follow-up in subjects harbouring TDR as majority variants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Transmitted INSTI resistance remains rare in Spain and, to date, is not associated with virological failure to first-line INSTI-based regimens.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,4]],"date-time":"2020-08-04T19:29:14Z","timestamp":1596569354000},"page":"3517-3524","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Primary resistance to integrase strand transfer inhibitors in Spain using ultrasensitive HIV-1 genotyping"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Casadell\u00e0","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Catalonia, 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