{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T10:53:48Z","timestamp":1783508028171,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,20]],"date-time":"2020-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Swiss Federal Commission for Scholarships"},{"name":"Hartmann M\u00fcller Foundation for Medical Research","award":["1899"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1899"]}]},{"name":"ESTHER Switzerland"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In Cameroon, the integrase (IN) strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) dolutegravir was recently introduced for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Since pretreatment HIV-1 drug resistance can jeopardize the success of ART, and considering the high heterogeneity of circulating HIV-1 subtypes in Cameroon, we investigated the prevalence of pretreatment HIV-1 resistance to INSTIs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fingerprick dried blood spot samples were collected from 339 newly diagnosed HIV-1-infected individuals between 2015 and 2016 in four hospitals in Cameroon. Universal primers were designed to amplify the HIV-1 IN region from amino acid 1 to 276. Amplicons were sequenced with Illumina next-generation sequencing and analysed with the Polymorphism Analysis Sequencing (PASeq) platform, using the Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database to interpret HIV-1 drug resistance mutations (DRMs).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The amplification\/sequencing success rate was 75.2% with 255\/339 sequences obtained. Applying a cut-off of 1%, major DRMs to INSTIs were detected in 13 (5.1%) individuals, but only 1 individual harboured an INSTI DRM (E92G) at a nucleotide frequency \u226515%. However, 140\/255 (54.9%) individuals harboured polymorphic accessory INSTI DRMs, mainly at high frequencies. In line with that observation, HIV-1 subtype diversity among individuals was high.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pretreatment HIV-1 resistance to INSTIs was low in the study sites, which supports the use of INSTIs in Cameroon. Nevertheless, further studies are necessary to assess the impact of polymorphic accessory INSTI DRMs on INSTI-based ART regimens.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]],"date-time":"2020-08-19T11:34:45Z","timestamp":1597836885000},"page":"124-129","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Prevalence of integrase strand transfer inhibitor resistance mutations in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected individuals in Cameroon"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Benjamin M","family":"Wenk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, R\u00e4mistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herbert A","family":"Mbunkah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, R\u00e4mistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Paul Ehrlich Institute, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ndi N","family":"Nsanwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Hospital Bamenda, PO Box 863 Mankon-Bamenda, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eyongetah T","family":"Mbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Hospital Bamenda, PO Box 863 Mankon-Bamenda, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia M","family":"Besong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"District Hospital Kumba, Meme Division, South-West Region, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bella A","family":"Sama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"District Hospital Ndop, Ngoketunjia Division, North-West Region, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Orock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Hospital Ngaoundere, Avenue Rue Ahidjo Ngaound\u00e9r\u00e9, Adamawa, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Leemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, R\u00e4mistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin J","family":"Metzner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, R\u00e4mistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, 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Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2020121103534582300_dkaa383-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2006.22.812","article-title":"HIV genetic diversity in Cameroon: possible public health importance","volume":"22","author":"Ndongmo","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"2020121103534582300_dkaa383-B6"},{"key":"2020121103534582300_dkaa383-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz650","article-title":"Low-abundance drug-resistant HIV-1 variants in antiretroviral drug-naive individuals: a systematic review of detection methods, prevalence, and clinical impact","volume":"221","author":"Mbunkah","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020121103534582300_dkaa383-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23846","article-title":"The evolution of HIV-1 group M genetic variability in Southern Cameroon is characterized by several emerging recombinant 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