{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T23:26:41Z","timestamp":1784849201456,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]],"date-time":"2020-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals Inc"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The approval of new antibiotics is essential to combat infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant pathogens; however, such agents should be tested to determine their effect on the resident microbiota and propensity to select for opportunistic pathogens, such as Clostridioides difficile. Eravacycline is a new antibiotic for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections. Here, we determined the effects of eravacycline compared with moxifloxacin on the microbiota and if these were conducive to induction of C. difficile infection (CDI).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We seeded in vitro chemostat models, which simulate the physiological conditions of the human colon, with a human faecal slurry and instilled gut-reflective concentrations of either eravacycline or moxifloxacin.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eravacycline instillation was associated with decreased Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Clostridium species, which recovered 1\u2009week after exposure. However, Bacteroides spp. levels decreased to below the limit of detection and did not recover prior to the end of the experiment. Post-eravacycline, a bloom of aerobic bacterial species occurred, including Enterobacteriaceae, compared with pre-antibiotic, which remained high for the duration of the experiment. These changes in microbiota were not associated with induction of CDI, as we observed a lack of C. difficile spore germination and thus no toxin was detected. Moxifloxacin exposure sufficiently disrupted the microbiota to induce simulated CDI, where C. difficile spore germination, outgrowth and toxin production were seen.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These model data suggest that, despite the initial impact of eravacycline on the intestinal microbiota, similar to clinical trial data, this novel tetracycline has a low propensity to induce CDI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]],"date-time":"2020-08-27T19:10:40Z","timestamp":1598555440000},"page":"171-178","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Eravacycline, a novel tetracycline derivative, does not induce<i>Clostridioides difficile<\/i>infection in an<i>in vitro<\/i>human gut model"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Anthony M","family":"Buckley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthcare-Associated Infections Group, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS1 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Altringham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthcare-Associated Infections Group, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS1 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthcare-Associated Infections Group, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS1 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Bently","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthcare-Associated Infections Group, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS1 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Spittal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthcare-Associated Infections Group, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS1 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duncan","family":"Ewin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthcare-Associated Infections Group, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS1 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikki","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthcare-Associated Infections Group, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS1 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgina","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthcare-Associated Infections Group, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS1 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ines B","family":"Moura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthcare-Associated Infections Group, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS1 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark H","family":"Wilcox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthcare-Associated Infections Group, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS1 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020121103534533800_dkaa386-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.13.31.18942-en","article-title":"Update of Clostridium difficile infection due to PCR ribotype 027 in Europe, 2008","volume":"13","author":"Kuijper","year":"2008","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"2020121103534533800_dkaa386-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.1086\/521859","article-title":"Antimicrobial-associated risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"46 Suppl 1","author":"Owens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020121103534533800_dkaa386-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh285","article-title":"Long-term surveillance of cefotaxime and piperacillin \u2013 tazobactam prescribing and incidence of Clostridium difficile diarrhoea","volume":"54","author":"Wilcox","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2020121103534533800_dkaa386-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki120","article-title":"Effects of piperacillin\/tazobactam on Clostridium difficile growth and toxin production in a human gut model","volume":"55","author":"Baines","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2020121103534533800_dkaa386-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt107","article-title":"Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of ceftaroline against Clostridium difficile and propensity to induce C. difficile infection in an in vitro human gut model","volume":"68","author":"Baines","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2020121103534533800_dkaa386-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg267","article-title":"Effects of cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime upon Clostridium difficile proliferation and toxin production in a triple-stage chemostat model of the human gut","volume":"52","author":"Freeman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2020121103534533800_dkaa386-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw385","article-title":"Role of cephalosporins in the era of Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"72","author":"Wilcox","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2020121103534533800_dkaa386-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2015.03.001","article-title":"Highlighting clinical needs in Clostridium difficile infection: the views of European healthcare professionals at the front line","volume":"90","author":"Aguado","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"2020121103534533800_dkaa386-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1408913","article-title":"Burden of Clostridium 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