{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T15:23:45Z","timestamp":1773415425362,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]],"date-time":"2020-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004606","name":"Chang Gung Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMRPG3J1811"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG3J1811"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007225","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 106-2314-B-182A-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 106-2314-B-182A-006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007225","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Effective ART is crucial for combating the HIV pandemic. Clinically, plasma viral load monitoring to achieve virological suppression is the guide for an optimal ART. The presence of low-level viraemia (LLV) below the definition level of virological failure is a risk factor for ART failure. However, there is no treatment consensus over LLV yet, mainly due to the limitation of standard HIV-RNA genotyping and the resultant insufficient understanding of LLV characteristics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To better profile drug resistance mutations (DRMs) and the associated factors in cases experiencing LLV.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A prospective observational study was conducted from 2017 to 2019. HIV-DNA was used as an alternative to HIV-RNA for HIV genotyping coupled with deep sequencing for ART-naive and ART-failure cases, as well as those with LLV.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eighty-one ART-naive, 18 ART-failure and 16 LLV cases received HIV genotyping in the study. Three-quarters (12\/16) of cases experiencing LLV harboured DRMs. Cases with LLV had higher prevalence of DRMs to NNRTIs than the ART-naive group (69% versus 20%, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), but lower DRM prevalence to NRTIs than the ART-failure group (25% versus 61%, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). Approximately half of the LLV cases had issues of suboptimal ART compliance\/ART interruption, and 68.8% (11\/16) did not display drug resistance to their ART at the time of LLV.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>HIV DRM profiles in LLV cases were significantly different to those in ART-naive and ART-failure cases. Approaches to consolidate ART compliance and early exploration of potential ART resistance may be needed for cases experiencing LLV episodes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]],"date-time":"2020-11-18T05:54:48Z","timestamp":1605678888000},"page":"722-728","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Prevalence of drug resistance mutations in HIV-infected individuals with low-level viraemia under combination antiretroviral therapy: an observational study in a tertiary hospital in Northern Taiwan, 2017\u201319"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Shu-Wei","family":"Kao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhuo-Hao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting-Shu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephane Wen-Wei","family":"Ku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Taipei City Hospital Ren-Ai Branch, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chia-Lung","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomic Medicine Research Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shian-Sen","family":"Shie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Po-Yen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yen-Mu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Hsiang","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8922-397X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nan-Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021021208591655000_dkaa510-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy989","article-title":"Persistent Low-level Viremia Predicts Subsequent Virologic Failure: is It Time to Change the Third 90?","volume":"69","author":"Esber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021021208591655000_dkaa510-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir353","article-title":"Antiretroviral drug resistance in HIV-1-infected patients experiencing persistent low-level viremia during first-line therapy","volume":"204","author":"Taiwo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021021208591655000_dkaa510-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2019.104255","article-title":"How relevant is the HIV low level viremia and how is its management changing in the era of modern ART? 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