{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T10:42:26Z","timestamp":1770460946339,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,16]],"date-time":"2021-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009947","name":"Merck Sharp & Dohme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009947","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To characterize their potential use in pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) we compared the pharmacokinetics of raltegravir and lamivudine in genital tissue against ex vivo tissue infection with HIV-1.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Open-label trial of 36 HIV-negative females and males randomized to 7\u2009days raltegravir 400\u2009mg twice daily and 7\u2009days raltegravir 400\u2009mg+lamivudine 150\u2009mg twice daily (after washout), or vice versa. Blood, saliva, rectal fluid, rectal tissue, vaginal fluid and vaginal tissue were sampled at baseline and on and off PrEP during a total of 12\u2009days, for pharmacokinetics and antiviral activity via ex vivo HIV-1BaL challenge. Ex vivo infectivity was compared with baseline. The trial has been registered in https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ with the identifier NCT03205566.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Steady state for both drugs was reached by day 4. Dosing with raltegravir alone provided modest ex vivo HIV protection with higher drug levels in rectal tissue and vaginal tissue than in plasma on and off PrEP. Off PrEP, plasma and vaginal concentrations declined rapidly, while persisting in the rectum. On PrEP, the highest lamivudine concentrations were in the rectum, followed by vaginal tissue then plasma. Lamivudine washout was rapid in plasma, while persisting in the rectum and vagina. Raltegravir\/lamivudine increased ex vivo protection on and off PrEP compared with raltegravir alone, reaching maximum protection at day 2 in rectal tissue and at day 8 in vaginal tissue.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Raltegravir 400\u2009mg+lamivudine 150\u2009mg showed high levels of ex vivo HIV protection, associated with high drug concentrations persisting after discontinuation in vaginal and rectal compartments, supporting further investigation of these agents for PrEP.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]],"date-time":"2021-04-22T01:14:40Z","timestamp":1619054080000},"page":"2129-2136","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic investigation of raltegravir with or without lamivudine in the context of HIV-1 pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Carolina","family":"Herrera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julianne","family":"Lwanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guys and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guys and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suna","family":"Mantori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guys and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King\u2019s College London, London, 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Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Dickinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Boffito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Shattock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saye","family":"Khoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, 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