{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:46:37Z","timestamp":1790739997707,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,10]],"date-time":"2021-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health","award":["P30-CA14051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30-CA14051"]}]},{"name":"Koch Institute\u2019s Robert A. Swanson (1969) Biotechnology Center"},{"name":"China Scholarship Council (CSC","award":["201808110111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201808110111"]}]},{"name":"Karl van Tassel (1925) Career Development Professorship at MIT"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital"},{"name":"Smith Family Foundation Odyssey"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, given its increasing antimicrobial resistance. Treatment of oropharyngeal N. gonorrhoeae infections has proven particularly challenging, with most reported treatment failures of the first-line drug ceftriaxone occurring at this site and lower cure rates in recent trials of new antibiotics reported for oropharyngeal infections compared with other sites of infection. However, the accessibility of the oropharynx to topical therapeutics provides an opportunity for intervention. Local delivery of a therapeutic at a high concentration would enable the use of non-traditional antimicrobial candidates, including biological molecules that exploit underlying chemical sensitivities of N. gonorrhoeae but lack the potency or pharmacokinetic profiles required for effective systemic administration.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Two classes of molecules that are thought to limit gonococcal viability in vivo, bile acids and short- and medium-chain fatty acids, were examined for rapid bactericidal activity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The bile acids deoxycholic acid (DCA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), but not other bile acid species, exerted extremely rapid bactericidal properties against N. gonorrhoeae, reducing viability more than 100\u200a000-fold after 1\u2009min. The short-chain fatty acids formic acid and hexanoic acid shared this rapid bactericidal activity. All four molecules are effective against a phylogenetically diverse panel of N. gonorrhoeae strains, including clinical isolates with upregulated efflux pumps and resistance alleles to the most widely used classes of existing antimicrobials. DCA and CDCA are both approved therapeutics for non-infectious indications and are well-tolerated by cultured epithelial cells.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>DCA and CDCA are attractive candidates for further development as anti-gonococcal agents.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]],"date-time":"2021-06-10T19:10:45Z","timestamp":1623352245000},"page":"2569-2577","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Identification of bile acid and fatty acid species as candidate rapidly bactericidal agents for topical treatment of gonorrhoea"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7849-8078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha G","family":"Palace","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. 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Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Traverso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonatan H","family":"Grad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T. H. 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