{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T18:37:36Z","timestamp":1791571056441,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["324730_192449"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["324730_192449"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The long-acting antiretroviral cabotegravir and rilpivirine combination has just received FDA, EMA and Health Canada approval. This novel drug delivery approach is about to revolutionize the therapy of people living with HIV, decreasing the 365 daily pill burden to only six intramuscular injections per year. In addition, islatravir, a first-in-class nucleoside reverse transcriptase translocation inhibitor, is intended to be formulated as an implant with a dosing interval of 1 year or more. At present, long-acting antiretroviral therapies (LA-ARTs) are given at fixed standard doses, irrespectively of the patient\u2019s weight and BMI, and without consideration for host genetic and non-genetic factors likely influencing their systemic disposition. Despite a few remaining challenges related to administration (e.g. pain, dedicated medical procedure), the development and implementation of LA-ARTs can overcome long-term adherence issues by improving patients\u2019 privacy and reducing social stigma associated with the daily oral intake of anti-HIV treatments. Yet, the current \u2018one-size-fits-all\u2019 approach does not account for the recognized significant inter-individual variability in LA-ART pharmacokinetics. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), an important tool for precision medicine, may provide physicians with valuable information on actual drug exposure in patients, contributing to improve their management in real life. The present review aims to update the current state of knowledge on these novel promising LA-ARTs and discusses their implications, particularly from a clinical pharmacokinetics perspective, for the future management and prevention of HIV infection, issues of ongoing importance in the absence of curative treatment or an effective vaccine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]],"date-time":"2021-08-17T20:05:53Z","timestamp":1629230753000},"page":"290-302","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":128,"title":["Long-acting antiretrovirals: a new era for the management and prevention of HIV infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2305-4277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Thoueille","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Service and Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Choong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service and Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Cavassini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Buclin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service and Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9840-1325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurent A.","family":"Decosterd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service and Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022021008035806300_dkab324-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31962-1","article-title":"Long-acting injectable ART: next revolution in HIV?","volume":"390","author":"Boyd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022021008035806300_dkab324-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33095-7","article-title":"Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of 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