{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T14:13:36Z","timestamp":1790950416347,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Georg Ludwig Rexroth Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>More than 15 million people in sub-Saharan Africa receive ART. Treatment failure is common, but the role of HIV drug resistance in treatment failure is largely unknown because drug resistance testing is not routinely done. This study determined the prevalence and patterns of HIV drug resistance in patients with suspected virological failure.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A single high viral load of &amp;gt;1000 viral RNA copies\/mL of plasma at any point during ART was considered as suspected virological failure. HIV-1 RNA was extracted from plasma samples of these patients using the QIAamp Viral RNA kit. The protease and part of the RT regions of the HIV pol gene were characterized.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Viral load was determined in 317 patients; 64 (20.2%) had suspected virological failure. We successfully genotyped 56 samples; 48 (85.7%) had at least one major resistance-associated mutation (RAM). Common mutations in RT were M184V (75%), T215Y (41.1%), K103N (39.3%), M41L (32.1%), D67DN (30.3%), G190A (28.6%) and A98G (26.8%). No RAMs were detected in ART regimens based on a ritonavir-boosted PI.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The Tanzanian national guidelines define \u2018virological failure\u2019 as two consecutive viral load measurement results, at 3\u2009month intervals, above the WHO threshold (1000\u2009copies\/mL). Here, we show that a single viral load above the WHO threshold is associated with high rates of RAMs. This suggests that a single high viral load measurement could be used to predict virological failure and avoid delays in switching patients from first-line to higher genetic barrier second-line regimens.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T19:09:58Z","timestamp":1634843398000},"page":"483-491","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Prevalence and patterns of HIV drug resistance in patients with suspected virological failure in North-Western Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3659-0615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shimba","family":"Henerico","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, United Republic of Tanzania"},{"name":"Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University\/National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) Tygerberg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sello Given","family":"Mikasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University\/National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) Tygerberg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel Elias","family":"Kalluvya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, United Republic of Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan M.","family":"Brauner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seif","family":"Abdul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, United Republic of Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Lyimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Medical Research, Mwanza, United Republic of Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Desderius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, United Republic of Tanzania"},{"name":"Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, United Republic of Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Korn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3021-5101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gert","family":"van Zyl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University\/National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) Tygerberg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graeme Brendon","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University\/National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) Tygerberg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0254-7910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Preiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University\/National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) Tygerberg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0241-0321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christa","family":"Kasang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Leprosy and Tuberculosis Relief Association, Wuerzburg, Germany"},{"name":"Medical Mission Institute, Wuerzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022021008140795700_dkab406-B1","author":"UNAIDS","year":"2019"},{"key":"2022021008140795700_dkab406-B2","author":"WHO","year":"2003"},{"key":"2022021008140795700_dkab406-B3","author":"UNAIDS. 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