{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T06:47:14Z","timestamp":1788245234110,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"French Ministry of Foreign Affairs"},{"name":"International Development"},{"name":"Wellcome Trust of Great Britain and the Artemisinin Combination Therapy Consortium"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009660","name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009660","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In 2012, a stratified random survey, using mystery shoppers, was conducted to investigate the availability and quality of antibiotics sold to patients in the private sector in five southern provinces of the Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic (Laos).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 147 outlets were sampled in 10 districts. The active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) content measurements for 909 samples, including nine APIs (amoxicillin, ampicillin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, ofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline and trimethoprim), were determined using HPLC.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>All the analysed samples contained the stated API and we found no evidence for falsification. All except one sample had all the units tested with %API values between 75% and 125% of the content stated on the label. However, we identified the presence of substandard antibiotics: 19.6% (201\/1025) of samples had their units outside the 90%\u2013110% content of the label claim and 18.3% (188\/1025) of the samples had units outside the International Pharmacopoeia\/United States Pharmacopoeia assay (percentage of label claim) specifications. Trimethoprim had a high number of samples [51.6% (64)] with units below the limit range, followed by ceftriaxone [42.9% (3)] and sulfamethoxazole [34.7% (43)]. Doxycycline, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin had the highest number of samples with high API content: 43.7% (38), 14.7% (10) and 11.8% (2), respectively. Significant differences in %API were found between stated countries of manufacture and stated manufacturers.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>With the global threat of antimicrobial resistance on patient outcomes, greater understanding of the role of poor-quality antibiotics is needed. Substandard antibiotics will have reduced therapeutic efficacy, impacting public health and control of bacterial infections.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]],"date-time":"2021-11-21T20:06:53Z","timestamp":1637525213000},"page":"1770-1778","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A random survey of the prevalence of falsified and substandard antibiotics in the Lao PDR"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1015-6207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Tabernero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital , Vientiane, Lao PDR"},{"name":"Public Health Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcal\u00e1, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Swamidoss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayfong","family":"Mayxay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital , Vientiane, Lao PDR"},{"name":"Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford , Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Research and Education Development, University of Health Sciences , Vientiane, Lao PDR"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maniphone","family":"Khanthavong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology (CMPE) , Vientiane, Lao PDR"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chindaphone","family":"Phonlavong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Food and Drug Inspection (BFDI), Ministry of Health, Government of the Lao PDR , Vientiane, Lao PDR"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chanthala","family":"Vilayhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital , Vientiane, Lao PDR"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chanvilay","family":"Sichanh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital , Vientiane, Lao PDR"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sivong","family":"Sengaloundeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Drug Department (FDD), Ministry of Health, Government of the Lao PDR , Vientiane, Lao PDR"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul N","family":"Newton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital , Vientiane, Lao PDR"},{"name":"Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford , Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Data Observatory, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford , Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) , London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022053122483267500_dkab435-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1159\/000103270","article-title":"Availability and costs of antiepileptic drugs and quality of phenobarbital in Vientiane municipality, Lao PDR","volume":"28","author":"Odermatt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"2022053122483267500_dkab435-B2","author":"WHO. 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