{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T03:59:47Z","timestamp":1782705587958,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Echinocandin resistance represents a great concern, as these drugs are recommended as first-line therapy for invasive candidiasis. Echinocandin resistance is conferred by mutations in FKS genes. Nevertheless, pathways are crucial for enabling tolerance, evolution, and maintenance of resistance. Therefore, understanding the biological processes and proteins involved in the response to caspofungin may provide clues indicating new therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>We determined the resistance mechanism and assessed the proteome response to caspofungin exposure. We then evaluated the phenotypic impact of calcineurin inhibition by FK506 and cephalosporine A (CsA) on caspofungin-resistant Candida glabrata isolates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty-five genes associated with caspofungin resistance were analysed by NGS, followed by studies of the quantitative proteomic response to caspofungin exposure. Then, susceptibility testing of caspofungin in presence of FK506 and CsA was performed. The effects of calcineurin inhibitor\/caspofungin combinations on heat stress (40\u00b0C), oxidative stress (0.2 and 0.4 mM menadione) and on biofilm formation (polyurethane catheter) were analysed. Finally, a Galleria mellonella model using blastospores (1\u200a\u00d7\u200a109 cfu\/mL) was developed to evaluate the impact of the combinations on larval survival.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>F659-del was found in the FKS2 gene of resistant strains. Proteomics data showed some up-regulated proteins are involved in cell-wall biosynthesis, response to stress and pathogenesis, some of them being members of calmodulin\u2013calcineurin pathway. Therefore, the impact of calmodulin inhibition was explored. Calmodulin inhibition restored caspofungin susceptibility, decreased capacity to respond to stress conditions, and reduced biofilm formation and in vivo pathogenicity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings confirm that calmodulin-calcineurin-Crz1 could provide a relevant target in life-threatening invasive candidiasis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T20:19:38Z","timestamp":1637785178000},"page":"585-597","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Genotypic, proteomic, and phenotypic approaches to decipher the response to caspofungin and calcineurin inhibitors in clinical isolates of echinocandin-resistant<i>Candida glabrata<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2129-1399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andres","family":"Ceballos-Garzon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Prote\u00f3mica y Micosis Humanas, Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogot\u00e1, D.C., Colombia"},{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universities, Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Monteoliva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Concha","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad de Prote\u00f3mica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Alvarez-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"},{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Universitaria Colombia, Clinica Colsanitas, Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nelson E","family":"Vega-Vela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Prote\u00f3mica y Micosis Humanas, Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogot\u00e1, D.C., Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M","family":"Engelthaler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, AZ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolene","family":"Bowers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, AZ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5059-6402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrice","family":"Le Pape","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universities, Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1302-5429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia M","family":"Parra-Giraldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Prote\u00f3mica y Micosis Humanas, Grupo de Enfermedades 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