{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T11:47:44Z","timestamp":1774352864427,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]],"date-time":"2022-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Increased fluconazole and echinocandin resistance in Candida glabrata requires prompt detection in routine settings. A phenotypic test based on the EUCAST E.DEF 7.3.2 protocol was developed for the detection of fluconazole- and anidulafungin-resistant isolates utilizing the colorimetric dye XTT.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Thirty-one clinical C. glabrata isolates, 11 anidulafungin resistant and 14 fluconazole resistant, were tested. After optimization studies, 0.5\u20132.5\u200a\u00d7\u200a105\u2005cfu\/mL of each isolate in RPMI 1640\u200a+\u200a2% d-glucose medium containing 100\u2005mg\/L XTT\u200a+\u200a0.78\u2005\u03bc\u039c menadione and 0.06\u2005mg\/L anidulafungin (S breakpoint) or 16\u2005mg\/L fluconazole (I breakpoint) in 96-well flat-bottom microtitration plates were incubated at 37\u00b0C for 18\u2005h; we also included drug-free wells. XTT absorbance was measured at 450\u2005nm every 15\u2005min. Differences between the drug-free and the drug-treated wells were assessed using Student\u2019s t-test at different timepoints. ROC curves were used in order to identify the best timepoint and cut-off.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The XTT absorbance differences between fluconazole-containing and drug-free wells were significantly lower for the resistant isolates compared with susceptible increased exposure isolates (0.08\u200a\u00b1\u200a0.05 versus 0.25\u200a\u00b1\u200a0.06, respectively, P\u200a=\u200a0.005) at 7.5\u2005h, with a difference of &lt;0.157 corresponding to 100% sensitivity and 94% specificity for detection of resistance. The XTT absorbance differences between anidulafungin-containing and drug-free wells were significantly lower for the resistant isolates compared with susceptible isolates (0.08\u200a\u00b1\u200a0.07 versus 0.200\u200a\u00b1\u200a0.03, respectively, P\u200a&lt;\u200a0.001) at 5\u2005h, with a difference of &lt;0.145 corresponding to 91% sensitivity and 100% specificity, irrespective of underlying mutations.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n A simple, cheap and fast phenotypic test was developed for detection of fluconazole- and anidulafungin-resistant C. glabrata isolates.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkac075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T04:12:36Z","timestamp":1645762356000},"page":"1655-1661","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Early phenotypic detection of fluconazole- and anidulafungin-resistant Candida glabrata<\/i> isolates"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Panagiota-Christina","family":"Georgiou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Attikon University Hospital , Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4747-0144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maiken Cavling","family":"Arendrup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Mycology, Statens Serum Institute , Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8869-1509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Meletiadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Attikon University Hospital , Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC , Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023011417364667400_dkac075-B1","first-page":"18026","article-title":"Invasive candidiasis","volume-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers","author":"Pappas","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023011417364667400_dkac075-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3390\/jof4030105","article-title":"Fungal resistance to echinocandins and the MDR phenomenon in Candida glabrata","volume":"4","author":"Healey","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Fungi"},{"key":"2023011417364667400_dkac075-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12330","article-title":"Antifungal drug resistance among Candida species: mechanisms and clinical impact","volume":"58","author":"Sanguinetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"2023011417364667400_dkac075-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.03.028","article-title":"Resistance of Candida to azoles and echinocandins worldwide","volume":"25","author":"Pristov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"2023011417364667400_dkac075-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S445","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix131","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant Candida: epidemiology, molecular mechanisms, and treatment","volume":"216","author":"Arendrup","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023011417364667400_dkac075-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000411","article-title":"Emerging multidrug-resistant Candida species","volume":"30","author":"Colombo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023011417364667400_dkac075-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.14.55","article-title":"The future of fungal susceptibility testing","volume":"9","author":"Posteraro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"2023011417364667400_dkac075-B8","volume-title":"Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts\u2014Fourth Edition: M27","author":"CLSI","year":"2017"},{"key":"2023011417364667400_dkac075-B9","article-title":"EUCAST DEFINITIVE DOCUMENT E.DEF 7.3.2. 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