{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T17:10:07Z","timestamp":1784826607164,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000777","name":"University of Leeds","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000777","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Medical Research Council","award":["MR\/N029976\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/N029976\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Dosing regimens guided by therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) may be able to improve penicillin exposure in patients, which could result in improved patient health outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This systematic review aims to describe the impact penicillin TDM has on health outcomes, including antimicrobial resistance (AMR).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Studies measuring penicillins in patient samples that adjusted regimens according to the result, and reported health outcomes were selected. Study bias was assessed according to study type. Included study characteristics were tabulated and described by narrative synthesis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Three randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 16 cohort studies, and 9 case studies were included. No RCTs showed statistically significant improvements in health outcomes. Five cohort studies showed improvement in at least one health outcome associated with target attainment. However, there was a high risk of bias in all studies for health outcomes. One study assessed the impact of penicillin TDM on AMR and found that improved target attainment was associated with suppression of resistance. No studies found a detrimental effect of penicillin TDM.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There is little evidence to suggest that TDM improves health outcomes, however neither health outcomes nor impact on AMR were adequately addressed. Variations in TDM implementation meant that a meta-analysis was not suitable. Penicillin TDM needs standardization, however there is currently no clear evidence of optimal conditions. Suitably powered studies are required to resolve the ambiguity surrounding the impact of TDM on clinical outcomes, including AMR. Further, standardized protocols and concentration targets need to be identified for TDM to be implemented successfully.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkac101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]],"date-time":"2022-03-17T20:14:00Z","timestamp":1647548040000},"page":"1532-1541","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A systematic review of the effect of therapeutic drug monitoring on patient health outcomes during treatment with penicillins"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0772-5384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy","family":"Luxton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"W\u00e4lti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Jeuken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"},{"name":"Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University , PO Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0193-8677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Sandoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2333","article-title":"How antibiotics kill bacteria: From targets to networks","volume":"8","author":"Kohanski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3463","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1717295115","article-title":"Global increase and geographic convergence in antibiotic consumption between 2000 and 2015","volume":"115","author":"Klein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-4781-x","article-title":"The effect of therapeutic drug monitoring of beta-lactam and fluoroquinolones on clinical outcome in critically ill patients: the DOLPHIN trial protocol of a multi-centre randomised controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Abdulla","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/2110-5820-2-35","article-title":"Does beta-lactam pharmacokinetic variability in critically ill patients justify therapeutic drug monitoring? A systematic review","volume":"2","author":"Sime","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2019.07.016","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic variability of beta-lactams in critically ill patients: A narrative review","volume":"39","author":"Boidin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R206","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10441","article-title":"Antibiotics in critically ill patients: a systematic review of the pharmacokinetics of beta-lactams","volume":"15","author":"Goncalves-Pereira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Critical Care (London, England)"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.10741011","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of piperacillin-tazobactam in 42 patients treated with concomitant CRRT","volume":"7","author":"Bauer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-019-00813-w","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and target attainment of antibiotics in critically ill children: A systematic review of current literature","volume":"59","author":"Hartman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2017.1338139","article-title":"Optimizing \u03b2-lactams treatment in critically-ill patients using pharmacokinetics\/pharmacodynamics targets: are first conventional doses effective?","volume":"15","author":"Delattre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000635","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2011-000635","article-title":"Kidney failure related to broad-spectrum antibiotics in critically ill patients: secondary end point results from a 1200 patient randomised trial","volume":"2","author":"Jensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-019-00791-z","article-title":"What antibiotic exposures are required to suppress the emergence of resistance for gram-negative bacteria? A systematic review","volume":"58","author":"Sumi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Overview of therapeutic drug monitoring","volume-title":"Korean J Int Med","author":"Kang","year":"2009"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70036-2","article-title":"Individualised antibiotic dosing for patients who are critically ill: challenges and potential solutions","volume":"14","author":"Roberts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.2174\/138920111798808329","article-title":"Using PK\/PD to optimize antibiotic dosing for critically ill patients","volume":"12","author":"Roberts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Biotechnol"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B15","article-title":"Developing and evaluating complex interventions. Medical Research Council.","author":"Craig","year":"2019"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B16","article-title":"Tackling drug-resistant infections globally: final report and recommendations","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2016"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B17","first-page":"e1403","article-title":"A review on antibiotic resistance: Alarm bells are ringing","volume":"9","author":"Zaman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-019-03769-8","article-title":"Diagnostic and medical needs for therapeutic drug monitoring of antibiotics","volume":"39","author":"Mabilat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2014.912942","article-title":"2nd. Dosing of antibacterial agents in obese adults: does one size fit all?","volume":"12","author":"Payne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0b013e32835685ad","article-title":"Improving antibiotic dosing in special situations in the ICU: burns, renal replacement therapy and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"18","author":"Jamal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-018-0891-9","article-title":"Individualising therapy to minimize bacterial multidrug resistance","volume":"78","author":"Heffernan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2378-9","article-title":"Optimization of the treatment with \u03b2-lactam antibiotics in critically ill patients-guidelines from the French Society of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Societe Francaise de Pharmacologie et Therapeutique-SFPT) and the French Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine (Societe Francaise d\u2019Anesthesie et Reanimation-SFAR)","volume":"23","author":"Guilhaumou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000206","article-title":"Optimizing dosing of antibiotics in critically ill patients","volume":"28","author":"Parker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-018-2155-1","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics issues relevant for the clinical use of \u03b2-lactam antibiotics in critically ill patients","volume":"22","author":"Veiga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1693498","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics\/pharmacodynamics of \u03b2-lactams and therapeutic drug monitoring: From theory to practical issues in the intensive care unit","volume":"40","author":"Williams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000256","article-title":"Practical concept of pharmacokinetics\/pharmacodynamics in the management of skin and soft tissue infections","volume":"29","author":"Pea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00786","article-title":"Recommendation of antimicrobial dosing optimization during continuous renal replacement therapy","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2011.04080.x","article-title":"Therapeutic drug monitoring of antimicrobials","volume":"73","author":"Roberts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2010.01.022","article-title":"Therapeutic drug monitoring of \u03b2-lactams for critically ill patients: unwarranted or essential?","volume":"35","author":"Roberts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1097\/00007691-199704000-00001","article-title":"Editorial","volume":"19","author":"Watson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1064","article-title":"Issues relating to confounding and meta-analysis when including non-randomized studies in systematic reviews on the effects of interventions","volume":"4","author":"Valentine","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res Syn Meth"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-013-3187-2","article-title":"Therapeutic drug monitoring-based dose optimisation of piperacillin and meropenem: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"40","author":"De Waele","year":"2014","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01818-17","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01818-17","article-title":"Impact of real-time therapeutic drug monitoring on the prescription of antibiotics in burn patients requiring admission to the intensive care unit","volume":"62","author":"Fournier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv123","article-title":"Can therapeutic drug monitoring optimize exposure to piperacillin in febrile neutropenic patients with haematological malignancies? A randomized controlled trial","volume":"70","author":"Sime","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3087","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky314","article-title":"Therapeutic drug monitoring of \u03b2-lactam antibiotics in the critically ill: direct measurement of unbound drug concentrations to achieve appropriate drug exposures","volume":"73","author":"Wong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B37","first-page":"957","article-title":"Is high-dose \u03b2-lactam therapy associated with excessive drug toxicity in critically ill patients?","volume":"82","author":"McDonald","year":"2016","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiologica"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e31824981a6","article-title":"Therapeutic drug monitoring of \u03b2-lactam antibiotics in burns patients\u2013a one-year prospective study","volume":"34","author":"Patel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002817","article-title":"\u03b2-lactam therapeutic drug management in the PICU","volume":"46","author":"Cies","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-019-01352-z","article-title":"Therapeutic drug monitoring-guided continuous infusion of piperacillin\/tazobactam significantly improves pharmacokinetic target attainment in critically ill patients: a retrospective analysis of four years of clinical experience","volume":"47","author":"Richter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30","DOI":"10.1136\/ejhpharm-2018-001713","article-title":"Usefulness of therapeutic drug monitoring of piperacillin and meropenem in routine clinical practice: A prospective cohort study in critically ill patients","volume":"27","author":"Schoenenberger-Arnaiz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Hosp Pharmacy"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2010.06.008","article-title":"Therapeutic drug monitoring of \u03b2-lactams in critically ill patients: proof of concept","volume":"36","author":"Roberts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B43","first-page":"03","article-title":"Personalized piperacillin dosing for the critically ill: A retrospective analysis of clinical experience with dosing software and therapeutic drug monitoring to optimize antimicrobial dosing","volume":"10","author":"Chiriac","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3644","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa359","article-title":"Early therapeutic monitoring of \u03b2-lactams and associated therapy outcomes in critically ill patients","volume":"75","author":"Al-Shaer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-020-00504-w","article-title":"The higher the better? Defining the optimal \u03b2-lactam target for critically ill patients to reach infection resolution and improve outcome","volume":"8","author":"Scharf","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Intensive Care"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2017.01.009","article-title":"Impact of \u03b2-lactam antibiotic therapeutic drug monitoring on dose adjustments in critically ill patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy","volume":"49","author":"Economou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2308-x","article-title":"Increased dosing regimens of piperacillin-tazobactam are needed to avoid subtherapeutic exposure in critically ill patients with augmented renal clearance","volume":"23","author":"Besnard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Critical Care"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002993","article-title":"Benzylpenicillin serum concentrations in neonates with group B streptococci sepsis or meningitis: A descriptive cohort study","volume":"40","author":"Jansen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/s13318-020-00625-5","article-title":"Efficacy and therapeutic drug monitoring of continuous \u03b2-lactam infusion for osteoarticular infections caused by fluoroquinolone-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A prospective cohort study","volume":"45","author":"Gomez-Junyent","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Drug Metabolism Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.06.008","article-title":"Clinical outcome and antimicrobial therapeutic drug monitoring for the treatment of infections in acute burn patients","volume":"39","author":"Machado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2011.10.011","article-title":"Continuous infusion of piperacillin\/tazobactam in ventilator-associated pneumonia: a pilot study on efficacy and costs","volume":"39","author":"Duszynska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B52","article-title":"Handbook for conducting a literature-based health assessment using OHAT approach for systematic review and evidence integration: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","author":"(OHAT) OoHAaT","year":"2019"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-019-3437-x","article-title":"Therapeutic drug monitoring-based dose optimisation of piperacillin\/tazobactam to improve outcome in patients with sepsis (TARGET): a prospective, multi-centre, randomised controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Hagel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i4919","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4919","article-title":"ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions","volume":"355","author":"Sterne","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2012.10.002","article-title":"\u03b2-Lactam therapeutic drug monitoring in the critically ill: Optimising drug exposure in patients with fluctuating renal function and hypoalbuminaemia","volume":"41","author":"Hayashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028014540610","article-title":"Low flucloxacillin concentrations in a patient with central nervous system infection: the need for plasma and cerebrospinal fluid drug monitoring in the ICU","volume":"48","author":"Abdul-Aziz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3652","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa356","article-title":"Temocillin dosage adjustment in a preterm infant with severe renal disease: a case report","volume":"75","author":"Dumangin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2699","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa216","article-title":"Oxacillin therapeutic drug monitoring in a patient on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support","volume":"75","author":"Seddon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1159\/000505057","article-title":"Amoxicillin-clavulanate dosing in the intensive care unit: The additive effect of renal replacement therapy in a patient with normal kidney function","volume":"64","author":"Lonsdale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.14333","article-title":"Flucloxacillin therapeutic drug monitoring in a neonate on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"55","author":"Al Yazidi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105975","article-title":"Contemporaneous management of ampicillin infusions in the outpatient setting through the use of therapeutic drug monitoring","volume":"55","author":"Parsonson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B62","first-page":"427","article-title":"Prolonged elimination of piperacillin in a patient with renal and liver failure","volume":"19","author":"Green","year":"1985","journal-title":"Drug Intell Clin Pharm"},{"key":"2022053122481217300_dkac101-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks053","article-title":"Use of therapeutic drug monitoring to treat Elizabethkingia meningoseptica meningitis and bacteraemia in an adult","volume":"67","author":"Neuner","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"}],"container-title":["Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jac\/article-pdf\/77\/6\/1532\/43893355\/dkac101.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jac\/article-pdf\/77\/6\/1532\/43893355\/dkac101.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T22:49:58Z","timestamp":1654037398000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jac\/article\/77\/6\/1532\/6556223"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkac101","relation":{},"ISSN":["0305-7453","1460-2091"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0305-7453","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2091","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]}}}