{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T14:04:17Z","timestamp":1788444257203,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the biggest threats to global public health. Selection of resistant bacteria is driven by inappropriate use of antibiotics, amongst other factors. COVID-19 may have exacerbated AMR due to unnecessary antibiotic prescribing. Country-level knowledge is needed to understand options for action.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To review the situation with respect to AMR in Brazil and initiatives addressing it. Identifying areas where more information is required will provide a call to action to minimize any further rises in AMR within Brazil and to improve patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>National initiatives to address AMR, antibiotic use and prescribing in Brazil, and availability of susceptibility data, particularly for the key community-acquired respiratory tract infections (CA-RTI) pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, were identified. National and international antibiotic prescribing guidelines for CA-RTIs (community-acquired pneumonia, acute otitis media and acute bacterial rhinosinusitis) commonly used locally were also reviewed, along with local antibiotic availability.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In Brazil there have been some initiatives addressing AMR such as the National Action Plan for AMR, established in 2018. Antibiotic consumption in Brazil is high but a ban on over-the-counter sales of antibiotics has led to a decrease in consumption. Local antibiotic susceptibility testing needs to be increased and the Survey of Antibiotic Resistance (SOAR) study in Brazil will provide useful data for pathogens causing CA-RTIs. A more standardized inclusive approach in developing local guidelines, using up-to-date surveillance data of isolates from community-acquired infections in Brazil, could make guideline use more locally relevant for clinicians. This would pave the way for a higher level of appropriate antibiotic prescribing and improved adherence. This would, in turn, potentially limit AMR development and improve clinical outcomes for patients.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkac215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T08:08:51Z","timestamp":1662451731000},"page":"i35-i42","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Country data on AMR in Brazil in the context of community-acquired respiratory tract infections: links between antibiotic susceptibility, local and international antibiotic prescribing guidelines, access to medicine and clinical outcome"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Didem","family":"Torumkuney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline , 980 Great West Road, Brentford, Middlesex TW8 9GS , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puja","family":"Nijhara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline , 252, Dr Annie Besant Road, Worli 400030, Mumbai , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiana Ossaille","family":"Beltrame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline , Estrada dos Bandeirantes, 8464, Jacarepagu\u00e1, 22783-110 Rio de Janeiro , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisama Queiroz","family":"Baisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline , Estrada dos Bandeirantes, 8464, Jacarepagu\u00e1, 22783-110 Rio de Janeiro , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo Macarini","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline , Estrada dos Bandeirantes, 8464, Jacarepagu\u00e1, 22783-110 Rio de Janeiro , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022090713491649400_dkac215-B1","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance\u2014fact 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