{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T20:14:31Z","timestamp":1787602471925,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the biggest threats to global public health. Selection of resistant bacteria is driven by inappropriate use of antibiotics, amongst other factors. COVID-19 may have exacerbated AMR due to unnecessary antibiotic prescribing. Country-level knowledge is needed to understand options for action.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To review AMR in T\u00fcrkiye and initiatives addressing it. Identifying any areas where more information is required will provide a call to action to minimize any further rise in AMR within T\u00fcrkiye and to improve patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>National AMR initiatives, antibiotic use and prescribing, and availability of susceptibility data, particularly for the key community-acquired respiratory tract infection (CA-RTI) pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, were identified. National and international antibiotic prescribing guidelines commonly used locally for specific CA-RTIs (community-acquired pneumonia, acute otitis media, acute bacterial rhinosinusitis) were also reviewed, plus local antibiotic availability. Insights from both a local clinician and local clinical microbiologist were sought to contextualize this information.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>T\u00fcrkiye developed an antibiotic stewardship programme, The Rational Drug Use National Action Plan 2014\u20132017, prioritizing appropriate antibiotic prescription in the community. Public campaigns discouraging inappropriate antibiotic use were also initiated. T\u00fcrkiye has a high level of antibiotic resistance and a high level of consumption, however, in 2015 over-the-counter antibiotic sales were prohibited, resulting in a declining trend in overall consumption. There is still a need for physician education on current developments in antibiotic use. Several ongoing global surveillance studies provide antibiotic susceptibility data in T\u00fcrkiye. Clinicians in T\u00fcrkiye use several country-specific guidelines for common CA-RTIs plus a range of international guidelines. A more standardized inclusive approach in developing local guidelines, using up-to-date surveillance data on isolates from community-acquired infections in T\u00fcrkiye, could make guideline use more relevant for clinicians. This would pave the way for a higher level of appropriate antibiotic prescribing and improved adherence. This would, in turn, potentially limit AMR development and improve patient outcome.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkac217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T08:09:03Z","timestamp":1662451743000},"page":"i51-i60","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Country data on AMR in T\u00fcrkiye in the context of community-acquired respiratory tract infections: links between antibiotic susceptibility, local and international antibiotic prescribing guidelines, access to medicine and clinical outcome"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Didem","family":"Torumkuney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline , 980 Great West Road, Brentford, Middlesex TW8 9GS , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zerrin","family":"Aktas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University , Istanbul , T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serhat","family":"Unal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine , Ankara , T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"van Hasselt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline , The Campus, Flushing Meadows, 57 Sloane Street, Bryanston, Gauteng, 2021 , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yalcin","family":"Seyhun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline , Buyukdere Cad. No: 173, 1. Levent Plaza B Blok 34394 Levent, Istanbul , T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nergis","family":"Keles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline , Buyukdere Cad. No: 173, 1. Levent Plaza B Blok 34394 Levent, Istanbul , T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022090713495222400_dkac217-B1","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance \u2013 fact sheet. 2020","author":"WHO."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2022090713495222400_dkac217-B2","first-page":"dkac211","article-title":"Relevance of the consensus principles for appropriate antibiotic prescribing in 2022","volume":"77","author":"Cant\u00f3n","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2022090713495222400_dkac217-B3","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance \u2013 fact sheet. 2021","author":"WHO."},{"key":"2022090713495222400_dkac217-B4","article-title":"Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance. 2015","author":"WHO."},{"key":"2022090713495222400_dkac217-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.02.024","article-title":"Antibiotic overconsumption and resistance in Turkey","volume":"25","author":"Isler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2022090713495222400_dkac217-B6","article-title":"Global Database for the Tripartite Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Country Self-assessment Survey (TrACSS)","author":"WHO\/OIE\/FAO"},{"key":"2022090713495222400_dkac217-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k3047","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k3047","article-title":"Advances in optimizing the prescription of antibiotics in outpatient settings","volume":"363","author":"King","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2022090713495222400_dkac217-B8","article-title":"WHO report on surveillance of antibiotic consumption, 2016\u20132018 early implementation. 2018","author":"WHO"},{"key":"2022090713495222400_dkac217-B9","first-page":"87","article-title":"Rational use of antibiotics by family physicians in Turkey during primary healthcare service: a cross-sectional analysis through the prescription information system","volume":"14","author":"Isli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk J Fam Med Prim Care"},{"key":"2022090713495222400_dkac217-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.36519\/idcm.2019.19025","article-title":"Public knowledge and attitudes regarding antibiotic use in Ankara, Turkey","volume":"1","author":"Azap","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2022090713495222400_dkac217-B11","article-title":"Antimicrobial Medicines Consumption (AMC) Network. 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