{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T17:20:59Z","timestamp":1787505659878,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the biggest threats to global public health. Selection of resistant bacteria is driven by inappropriate use of antibiotics, amongst other factors. COVID-19 may have exacerbated AMR due to unnecessary antibiotic prescribing. Country-level knowledge is needed to understand options for action.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To review AMR in Kuwait and initiatives underway addressing it. Identifying any areas where more information is required will provide a call to action to minimize any further rise in AMR within Kuwait and to improve patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>National initiatives to address AMR, antibiotic use and prescribing, and availability of susceptibility data, particularly for the key community-acquired respiratory tract infection (CA-RTI) pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, were identified. National and international antibiotic prescribing guidelines commonly used locally for specific CA-RTIs (community-acquired pneumonia, acute otitis media and acute bacterial rhinosinusitis) were also reviewed, plus local antibiotic availability. Insights from a clinician in Kuwait were sought to contextualize this information.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Kuwait there have been some initiatives addressing AMR such as annual campaigns for proper use of antibiotics. Antibiotic use is high but there appears to be a low understanding in the general public about their appropriate use. However, there is legislation in place prohibiting over-the-counter purchase of antibiotics. Only international guidelines for CA-RTIs are used. A more standardized inclusive approach in developing local guidelines, using up-to-date surveillance data of isolates from community-acquired infections in Kuwait, could make management guideline use more locally relevant for clinicians. This would pave the way for a higher level of appropriate antibiotic prescribing and improved adherence. This would, in turn, potentially limit AMR development and improve clinical patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkac220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T04:09:14Z","timestamp":1662437354000},"page":"i77-i83","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Country data on AMR in Kuwait in the context of community-acquired respiratory tract infections: links between antibiotic susceptibility, local and international antibiotic prescribing guidelines, access to medicine and clinical outcome"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Didem","family":"Torumkuney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline , 980 Great West Road, Brentford, Middlesex TW8 9GS , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naser","family":"Behbehani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Kuwait University , Kuwait City , Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"van Hasselt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline, The Campus, Flushing Meadows , 57 Sloane Street, Bryanston, Gauteng, 2021 , South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Hamouda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline , 19th Floor Arenco Tower, Sh. Zayed Road, PO Box 50199, Dubai , UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nergis","family":"Keles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline , B\u00fcy\u00fckdere Cad. No: 173, 1. 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