{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:39:04Z","timestamp":1787499544217,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]],"date-time":"2022-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Trimethoprim is structurally similar to potassium-sparing diuretics and may induce hyperkalaemia. The prevalence and the factors that predispose to trimethoprim-associated hyperkalaemia have never been extensively addressed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A literature search with no date or language limits was carried out using the National Library of Medicine, Embase and Web of Science in March and repeated during August 2021. The principles underlying the Economic and Social Research Council guidance on the conduct of synthesis and the PRISMA guidelines were employed. For the analysis, we retained reports including \u226510 subjects on treatment with trimethoprim, which addressed the possible occurrence of hyperkalaemia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eighteen reports were retained for the final analysis. The pooled prevalence of potassium value &amp;gt;5.0\u2005mmol\/L, &amp;gt;5.5\u2005mmol\/L and &amp;gt;6.0\u2005mmol\/L or symptomatic, was, respectively, 22%, 10% and 0.2%. The analysis disclosed that the risk of trimethoprim-associated hyperkalaemia is dose-related and enhanced by drugs with known hyperkalaemic potential including potassium-sparing diuretics, renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system inhibitors, \u03b2-blockers and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Poor kidney function also increased the tendency towards hyperkalaemia. The time to onset of hyperkalaemia was generally 1\u2005week or less after starting trimethoprim.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present analysis documents the hyperkalaemic potential of trimethoprim, a widely prescribed drug that was introduced more than 50\u2005years ago. Clinicians must recognize patients at risk of trimethoprim-associated hyperkalaemia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkac262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T10:57:10Z","timestamp":1661338630000},"page":"2588-2595","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Trimethoprim-associated hyperkalaemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Pietro B","family":"Far\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale , 6900 Lugano , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Memoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale , 6500 Bellinzona , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9808-780X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Treglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Education, Research and Innovation Area, General Directorate, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale , 6500 Bellinzona , Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Science, Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana , 6900 Lugano , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario G","family":"Bianchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Science, Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana , 6900 Lugano , Switzerland"},{"name":"Family Medicine Institute, Faculty of Biomedical Science, Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana , 6900 Lugano , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3829-4254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregorio P","family":"Milani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , 20122 Milan , Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano , 20122 Milan , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Marchisio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , 20122 Milan , Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano , 20122 Milan , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastiano A G","family":"Lava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, and University of Lausanne , 1011 Lausanne , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Janett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pneumology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale , 6500 Bellinzona , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022093019463113700_dkac262-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.3109\/07357909809032892","article-title":"Sulfonamides and trimethoprim","volume":"16","author":"Kalkut","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer Invest"},{"key":"2022093019463113700_dkac262-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2016.12.001","article-title":"The comeback of trimethoprim in France","volume":"47","author":"Caron","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Mal 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