{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T11:33:16Z","timestamp":1781350396554,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":66,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Actinomycetoma is a chronic granulomatous disease affecting skin, subcutaneous tissue, fascia, muscle and bones. With increasing resistance against commonly used treatment regimens, susceptibility testing is urgently needed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We developed an in vitro susceptibility assay for Actinomadura madurae, one of the common causative agents of actinomycetoma, employing resazurin for endpoint reading. Using this assay, reproducible MICs were determined for the most commonly used antibacterial agents for actinomycetoma treatment. The tested antibacterial agents included trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole, amikacin, streptomycin, amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, imipenem, linezolid, penicillin G and rifampicin.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Following the clinical breakpoints as stated by CLSI, 100% of the tested strains were susceptible to trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole (MIC 0.03\/0.59\u20131\/19\u2005mg\/L), amikacin (MIC 0.0078\u20130.25\u2005mg\/L), doxycycline (MIC &amp;lt;0.25\u20131\u2005mg\/L) and linezolid (MIC &amp;lt;0.25\u20132\u2005mg\/L), 90% to ciprofloxacin (MIC &amp;lt;0.25\u20132\u2005mg\/L), 80% to ceftriaxone (MIC &amp;lt;0.5 to &amp;gt;64\u2005mg\/L) and imipenem (MIC &amp;lt;0.25\u201332\u2005mg\/L) and only 20% to amoxicillin (MIC &amp;lt;0.5 to &amp;gt;64\u2005mg\/L) and rifampicin (MIC 0.5 to &amp;gt;32\u2005mg\/L).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Determinations of MICs by visual readings of colour changes versus spectrophotometric readings were comparable. This convenient visual reading has the advantage of feasible implementation in endemic settings.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkac367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]],"date-time":"2022-10-31T18:02:20Z","timestamp":1667239340000},"page":"155-160","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Development and validation of a resazurin assay for <i>in vitro<\/i> susceptibility testing of <i>Actinomadura madurae<\/i>: a common causative agent of actinomycetoma"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"S O","family":"Abd Algaffar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Science & Technology , Omdurman , Sudan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Verbon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2511-7040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S A","family":"Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Science & Technology , Omdurman , Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8652-8783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W W J","family":"van de Sande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023010801141908500_dkac367-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1991.tb03892.x","article-title":"Mycetoma: current concepts in treatment","volume":"30","author":"Welsh","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"2023010801141908500_dkac367-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2008.03028.x","article-title":"Developments in the management of mycetomas","volume":"34","author":"Ameen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"2023010801141908500_dkac367-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2550","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002550","article-title":"Global burden of human mycetoma: a systematic review and meta- analysis","volume":"7","author":"Van de Sande","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2023010801141908500_dkac367-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13008","article-title":"Eumycetoma and actinomycetoma\u2013an update on causative agents, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostics and therapy","volume":"29","author":"Nenoff","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"2023010801141908500_dkac367-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.12211","article-title":"Abdomino-pelvic actinomycetoma successfully treated with combination chemotherapy","volume":"55","author":"Kar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Australas J Dermatol"},{"key":"2023010801141908500_dkac367-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3218","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003218","article-title":"Mycetoma medical therapy","volume":"8","author":"Welsh","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2023010801141908500_dkac367-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.4103\/idoj.IDOJ_474_20","article-title":"Actinomycetoma by Actinomadura madurae: clinical characteristics and treatment of 47 cases","volume":"12","author":"Bonifaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian Dermatol Online J"},{"key":"2023010801141908500_dkac367-B8","first-page":"173","article-title":"Clinical features of mycetoma and the appropriate treatment options","volume":"12","author":"Agarwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res Rep Trop Med"},{"key":"2023010801141908500_dkac367-B9","first-page":"1954","article-title":"Actinomycetoma by Actinomadura madurae. 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