{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T18:15:01Z","timestamp":1789841701749,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology"},{"name":"Government of India for a Twinning Research Grant","award":["BT\/PR16679\/NER\/95\/247\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BT\/PR16679\/NER\/95\/247\/2015"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001412","name":"Council of Scientific and Industrial Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CSIR MLP 2031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSIR MLP 2031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001412","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology","award":["BT\/PR32490\/MED\/29\/1457\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BT\/PR32490\/MED\/29\/1457\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Department of Science & Technology","award":["CRG\/2020\/002932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRG\/2020\/002932"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Previously, a series of side chain-modified quinolinyl \u03b2-enaminones was identified to possess significant activity against chloroquine-sensitive or -resistant Plasmodium falciparum and Brugia malayi microfilariae. The present study evaluates in vitro and in vivo activity of the series against Leishmania donovani and reports their mode of action.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The in vitro activity of 15 quinolinyl \u03b2-enaminone derivatives against Leishmania promastigotes and amastigotes was assessed by luciferase assay. The reduction of organ parasite burden was assessed by Giemsa staining in L. donovani-infected BALB\/c mice and hamsters. Intracellular Ca2+ and ATP level in active derivative (3D)-treated promastigotes were determined by fluorescence and luminescence assays. Flow cytometry was performed to determine loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) using JC-1 dye, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation using 2\u2032,7\u2032-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) dye, phosphatidylserine externalization by Annexin V-FITC staining and cell-cycle arrest by propidium iodide (PI) staining.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Compounds 3A, 3B and 3D showed significant in vitro efficacy against L. donovani with IC50\u200a&amp;lt;\u200a6 \u00b5M and mild cytotoxicity (\u223c75% viability) at 25 \u00b5M on J774 macrophages. 3A and 3D at 50 mg\/kg and 100 mg\/kg reduced parasite burden (&amp;gt;84%) in infected mice and hamsters, respectively, whereas 3D-treated animals demonstrated maximum parasite burden reduction without organ toxicity. Mode-of-action analysis revealed that 3D induced apoptosis by inhibiting mitochondrial complex II, reducing MMP and ATP levels, increasing ROS and Ca2+ levels, ultimately triggering phosphatidylserine externalization and sub-G0\/G1 cell-cycle arrest in promastigotes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Compound 3D-mediated inhibition of L. donovani mitochondrial complex induces apoptosis, making it a promising therapeutic candidate for visceral leishmaniasis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkac395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T07:53:58Z","timestamp":1670399638000},"page":"359-372","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Quinolinyl \u03b2-enaminone derivatives exhibit leishmanicidal activity against <i>Leishmania donovani<\/i> by impairing the mitochondrial electron transport chain complex and inducing ROS-mediated programmed cell death"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Ankita","family":"Rani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , BS-10\/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031 , India"},{"name":"Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre , (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shilpika","family":"Khanikar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organic Research Lab, Department of Chemical Science, Assam Don Bosco University, Tapesia Gardens, Kamarkuchi , Sonapur 782 402, Assam , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mukul","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , BS-10\/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031 , India"},{"name":"Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre , (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shivani","family":"Katiyar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , BS-10\/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031 , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tooba","family":"Qamar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , BS-10\/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031 , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anuradha","family":"Seth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , BS-10\/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031 , India"},{"name":"Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre , (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P K","family":"Agnihotri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajdeep","family":"Guha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Animal Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jai N","family":"Vishwakarma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organic Research Lab, Department of Chemical Science, Assam Don Bosco University, Tapesia Gardens, Kamarkuchi , Sonapur 782 402, Assam , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanta","family":"Kar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , BS-10\/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031 , India"},{"name":"Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre , (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 , India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1748","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis: what are the needs for diagnosis, treatment and control?","volume":"5","author":"Chappuis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(02)90044-1","article-title":"Mechanisms of pathogenesis: differences amongst Leishmania species","volume":"96","author":"Colmenares","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B3","article-title":"Control of the leishmaniases: WHO TRS No 949","author":"WHO","year":"2010"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31204-2","article-title":"Leishmaniasis","volume":"392","author":"Burza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2004.03.004","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: current situation and new perspectives","volume":"27","author":"Desjeux","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.1.111-126.2006","article-title":"Drug resistance in leishmaniasis","volume":"19","author":"Croft","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2015.973850","article-title":"An update on pharmacotherapy for leishmaniasis","volume":"16","author":"Sundar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B8","first-page":"1398","article-title":"Miltefosine for visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis: drug characteristics and treatment evidence based recommendations","volume":"60","author":"Monge-Maillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1964.11686264","article-title":"Chemotherapy of cutaneous leishmaniasis: Leishmania tropica infections in mice","volume":"58","author":"Neal","year":"1964","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e328010b848","article-title":"8-Aminoquinolines: future role as antiprotozoal drugs","volume":"19","author":"Tekwani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5344","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00790-10","article-title":"Tafenoquine, an antiplasmodial 8-aminoquinoline, targets Leishmania respiratory complex III and induces apoptosis","volume":"54","author":"Carvalho","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1517\/17460441.2011.550914","article-title":"The concept of privileged structures in rational drug design: focus on acridine and quinoline scaffolds in neurodegenerative and protozoan diseases","volume":"6","author":"Bongarzone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Discov"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5356","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00985-10","article-title":"Anti-leishmanial and antitrypanosomal activities of the 8-aminoquinoline tafenoquine","volume":"54","author":"Yardley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1080\/17460441.2017.1319357","article-title":"An overview of quinoline as a privileged scaffold in cancer drug discovery","volume":"12","author":"Musiol","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2014.10.007","article-title":"Quinoline: a promising antitubercular target","volume":"68","author":"Keri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2011.01.003","article-title":"Synthesis of 4-aminoquinoline analogues and their platinum(II) complexes as new anti-leishmanial and antitubercular agents","volume":"65","author":"Carmo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/2191-2858-2-16","article-title":"Increase of leishmanicidal and tubercular activities using steroids linked to aminoquinoline","volume":"2","author":"Antinarelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Org Med Chem Lett"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00183a004","article-title":"Analogs of 8-[[6-(diethylamino)hexyl]amino]-6-methoxy-4-methylquinoline as candidate anti-leishmanial agents","volume":"23","author":"LaMontagne","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1021\/cr020093y","article-title":"Synthesis of heterocycles from alkyl 3-(dimethylamino)propenoates and related enaminones","volume":"104","author":"Stanovnik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7915","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4020(99)00401-9","article-title":"Synthesis of fused heterocycles from heterocyclic enaminones","volume":"55","author":"Puebla","year":"1999","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/jhet.5570410321","article-title":"Enaminones as building blocks in heterocyclic synthesis: new syntheses of nicotinic acid and thienopyridine derivatives","volume":"41","author":"Abdelkhalik","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Heterocycl Chem"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2008.07.005","article-title":"Synthesis, antibacterial and anticonvulsant evaluations of some cyclic enaminones","volume":"44","author":"Edafiogho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Med Chem"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-019-00877-2","article-title":"Design, synthesis and cytotoxicity of the antitumor agent 1-azabicycles for chemoresistant glioblastoma cells","volume":"38","author":"Oliveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest New Drugs"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1007\/s00706-021-02776-w","article-title":"Efficient synthesis, structure elucidation, and anti-parasitic activities of novel quinolinyl \u03b2\u2013enaminones","volume":"152","author":"Khanikar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Monatshefte f\u00fcr Chemie\u2014Chemical Monthly"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5655","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.9b00628","article-title":"Synthesis, biological evaluation, structure\u2013activity relationship, and mechanism of action studies of quinoline\u2013metronidazole derivatives against experimental visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"62","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.6b01447","article-title":"Anti-leishmanial activity of pyrazolopyridine derivatives and their potential as an adjunct therapy with miltefosine","volume":"60","author":"Anand","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(93)90083-N","article-title":"A comparison of three methods of estimating EC50 in studies of drug resistance of malaria parasites","volume":"55","author":"Huber","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-017-2653-3","article-title":"Ammonium trichloro [1,2-ethanediolato-O, O\u2032]-tellurate cures experimental visceral leishmaniasis by redox modulation of Leishmania donovani trypanothione reductase and inhibiting host integrin linked PI3K\/Akt pathway","volume":"75","author":"Vishwakarma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900265","article-title":"Immunization with the DNA-encoding N-terminal domain of proteophosphoglycan of Leishmania donovani generates Th1-type immunoprotective response against experimental visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"183","author":"Samant","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118657","article-title":"Effects of combined treatment with indomethacin and juglone on AOM\/DSS induced colon carcinogenesis in BALB\/c mice: roles of inflammation and apoptosis","volume":"264","author":"Seetha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2830","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2016.1185633","article-title":"The protective potential of metformin against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in BALB\/C mice","volume":"54","author":"Saeedi Saravi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharm Biol"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-015-0665-1","article-title":"In silico sequence analysis, homology modeling and function annotation of leishmanolysin from Leishmania donovani","volume":"40","author":"Waghmare","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Parasit Dis"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W252","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku340","article-title":"SWISS-MODEL: modelling protein tertiary and quaternary structure using evolutionary information","volume":"42","author":"Biasini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1107\/S0021889892009944","article-title":"PROCHECK: a program to check the stereochemical quality of protein structures","volume":"26","author":"Laskowski","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Appl Crystallogr"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1515\/bmc.2010.022","article-title":"A fresh look at the Ramachandran plot and the occurrence of standard structures in proteins","volume":"1","author":"Hollingsworth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomol Concepts"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2019.111632","article-title":"\u03b2-Amino acid derivatives as mitochondrial complex III inhibitors of L. donovani: a promising chemotype targeting visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"182","author":"Chandrakar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Med Chem"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4204","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00520-11","article-title":"The 8-aminoquinoline analogue sitamaquine causes oxidative stress in Leishmania donovani promastigotes by targeting succinate dehydrogenase","volume":"55","author":"Carvalho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.7.2023-2029.2001","article-title":"Inhibition of fumarate reductase in Leishmania major and L. donovani by chalcones","volume":"45","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13638","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.201889","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in leishmania through Ca2+-dependent and caspase-independent mechanism","volume":"286","author":"Dolai","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00208","article-title":"Activity and cell-death pathway in Leishmania infantum induced by sugiol: vectorization using yeast cell wall particles obtained from Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"9","author":"Scariot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113516","article-title":"Design, synthesis, in vitro and in vivo biological evaluation of pyranone-piperazine analogs as potent anti-leishmanial agents","volume":"221","author":"Mishra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Med Chem"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks498","article-title":"LQB-118, an orally active pterocarpanquinone, induces selective oxidative stress and apoptosis in Leishmania amazonensis","volume":"68","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47114-0","article-title":"Racemoside A, an anti-leishmanial, water-soluble, natural steroidal saponin, induces programmed cell death in Leishmania donovani","volume":"56","author":"Dutta","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24717","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M201961200","article-title":"Increase in cytosolic Ca2+ levels through the activation of non-selective cation channels induced by oxidative stress causes mitochondrial depolarization leading to apoptosis-like death in Leishmania donovani promastigotes","volume":"277","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11798","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M309341200","article-title":"Apoptotic death in Leishmania donovani promastigotes in response to respiratory chain inhibition","volume":"279","author":"Mehta","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12073","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30610-7","article-title":"Quinolone-fused cyclic sulfonamide as a novel benign antifilarial agent","volume":"8","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1997.11813124","article-title":"Evidence that certain 8-aminoquinolines are potentially effective drugs against Chagas disease","volume":"91","author":"Kinnamon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01415-06","article-title":"Miltefosine (hexadecylphosphocholine) inhibits cytochrome c oxidase in Leishmania donovani promastigotes","volume":"51","author":"Luque-Ortega","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2006.10.007","article-title":"Miltefosine induces apoptosis in arsenite-resistant Leishmania donovani promastigotes through mitochondrial dysfunction","volume":"116","author":"Verma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2011182115","article-title":"Sitamaquine as a putative anti-leishmanial drug candidate: from the mechanism of action to the risk of drug resistance","volume":"18","author":"Loiseau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"2023020108214468500_dkac395-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-008-0224-7","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species and imbalance of calcium homeostasis contributes to curcumin induced programmed cell death in Leishmania donovani","volume":"13","author":"Das","year":"2008","journal-title":"Apoptosis"}],"container-title":["Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jac\/article-pdf\/78\/2\/359\/48957865\/dkac395.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jac\/article-pdf\/78\/2\/359\/48957865\/dkac395.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T19:37:54Z","timestamp":1675280274000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jac\/article\/78\/2\/359\/6880487"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkac395","relation":{},"ISSN":["0305-7453","1460-2091"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0305-7453","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2091","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]}}}