{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T12:21:50Z","timestamp":1772367710929,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008441","name":"CYTED","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008441","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Spanish HIV infected Paediatric Cohort"},{"name":"CoRISpe"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The inadequacy of resistance monitoring in Latin America leads to circulation of HIV strains with drug resistance mutations (DRMs), compromising ART effectiveness. This study describes the DRM prevalence in HIV-infected paediatric patients in Panama.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>During 2018\u201319, plasma was collected from 76 HIV-infected children\/adolescents (5 ART-naive, 71 treated) in Panama for HIV-1 DRM pol analysis, predicted antiretroviral (ARV) susceptibility by Stanford, and HIV-1 variant phylogenetic characterization.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>HIV-1 pol sequences were recovered from 67 (88.2%) of 76 children\/adolescents (median age 12 years), carrying 65 subtype B, 1 subtype G and 1 unique recombinant URF_A1B. Five were ART-naive and 62 ART-treated under virological failure (viraemia &amp;gt;50 copies\/mL) with previous exposure to NRTIs, (100%), NNRTIs (45.2%), PIs (95.2%) and integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs, 17.7%). Among the treated patients, 34 (54.8%) carried resistant strains, with major DRMs to one (40.3%), two (9.7%) or three (4.8%) ARV families. Most of them harboured DRMs to NRTIs (58.5%) or NNRTIs (39%), but also major DRMs to PIs (4.9%) and INSTIs (6.5%). We also found dual-class NRTI\u200a+\u200aNNRTI (12.2%) and NNRTI\u200a+\u200aPI (2.6%) resistance. Two naive subjects carried viruses with DRMs to NRTIs and NRTI\u200a+\u200aNNRTI, respectively. Sequenced viruses presented high\/intermediate resistance mainly to emtricitabine\/lamivudine (48.9% each) and efavirenz\/nevirapine (33.3% each). Most participants were susceptible to PIs (91.3%) and INSTIs (88.1%).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The high DRM prevalence to NRTIs and NNRTIs observed among treated HIV-infected children\/adolescents in Panama justifies the need for routine resistance monitoring for optimal rescue therapy selection in this vulnerable population.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkac407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T19:03:44Z","timestamp":1669921424000},"page":"423-435","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Drug resistance in children and adolescents with HIV in Panama"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Judit","family":"Ventosa-Cubillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV-1 Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Hospital Ram\u00f3n y Cajal-IRYCIS and CIBERESP-ISCIII-RITIP-CoRISpe-PLANTAIDS-CYTED , Madrid , Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ram\u00f3n","family":"Pinz\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital del Ni\u00f1o Doctor Jos\u00e9 Ren\u00e1n Esquivel , PLANTAIDS-CYTED, Panam\u00e1"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Alba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department. Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA) and Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n Microbiolog\u00eda Traslacional, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA) , Oviedo , Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dora","family":"Estripeaut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital del Ni\u00f1o Doctor Jos\u00e9 Ren\u00e1n Esquivel , PLANTAIDS-CYTED, Panam\u00e1"},{"name":"Sistema Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n, Secretar\u00eda Nacional de Ciencia, tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n , Panam\u00e1"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Luisa","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, IISGM, UCM, PLANTAIDS programa CYTED\u2013CIBERINFEC-ISCIII , Madrid , Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c1frica","family":"Holgu\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV-1 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