{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T02:24:09Z","timestamp":1785637449598,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,21]],"date-time":"2023-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004417","name":"The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004417","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite the scale-up of ART and the rollout in Tanzania of dolutegravir, an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI), treatment success has not been fully realized. HIV drug resistance (HIVDR), including dolutegravir resistance, could be implicated in the notable suboptimal viral load (VL) suppression among HIV patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the prevalence and patterns of acquired drug resistance mutations (DRMs) among children and adults in Tanzania.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A national cross-sectional HIVDR survey was conducted among 866 children and 1173 adults. Genotyping was done on dried blood spot and\/or plasma of participants with high HIV VL (\u22651000 copies\/mL). HIV genes (reverse transcriptase, protease and integrase) were amplified by PCR and directly sequenced. The Stanford HIVDR Database was used for HIVDR interpretation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>HIVDR genotyping was performed on blood samples from 137 participants (92 children and 45 adults) with VL \u2265 1000 copies\/mL. The overall prevalence of HIV DRMs was 71.5%, with DRMs present in 78.3% of children and 57.8% of adults. Importantly, 5.8% of participants had INSTI DRMs including major DRMs: Q148K, E138K, G118R, G140A, T66A and R263K. NNRTI, NRTI and PI DRMs were also detected in 62.8%, 44.5% and 8% of participants, respectively. All the participants with major INSTI DRMs harboured DRMs targeting NRTI backbone drugs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>More than 7 in 10 patients with high HIV viraemia in Tanzania have DRMs. The early emergence of dolutegravir resistance is of concern for the efficacy of the Tanzanian ART programme.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkad010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,21]],"date-time":"2023-01-21T08:59:55Z","timestamp":1674291595000},"page":"779-787","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Emerging integrase strand transfer inhibitor drug resistance mutations among children and adults on ART in Tanzania: findings from a national representative HIV drug resistance survey"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Doreen","family":"Kamori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences , P.O. Box 650001, Dar es Salaam , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Godfrey","family":"Barabona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences , P.O. Box 650001, Dar es Salaam , Tanzania"},{"name":"Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto , Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Rugemalila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Muhimbili National Hospital , Dar es Salaam , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Werner","family":"Maokola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National AIDS Control Programme, Directorate of Preventive Services, Ministry of Health , Dodoma , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salim S","family":"Masoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences , P.O. Box 650001, Dar es Salaam , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mucho","family":"Mizinduko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences , P.O. Box 650001, Dar es Salaam , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amon","family":"Sabasaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences , P.O. Box 650001, Dar es Salaam , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Ruhago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences , P.O. Box 650001, Dar es Salaam , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veryeh","family":"Sambu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National AIDS Control Programme, Directorate of Preventive Services, Ministry of Health , Dodoma , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremiah","family":"Mushi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National AIDS Control Programme, Directorate of Preventive Services, Ministry of Health , Dodoma , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George S","family":"Mgomella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV & Tuberculosis, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Dar es Salaam , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James J","family":"Mcollogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National AIDS Control Programme, Directorate of Preventive Services, Ministry of Health , Dodoma , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Msafiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences , P.O. Box 650001, Dar es Salaam , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabina","family":"Mugusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences , P.O. Box 650001, Dar es Salaam , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jullu","family":"Boniface","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Management and Development for Health , Dar es Salaam , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ritah","family":"Mutagonda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences , P.O. Box 650001, Dar es Salaam , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Mlunde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences , P.O. Box 650001, Dar es Salaam , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davis","family":"Amani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences , P.O. Box 650001, Dar es Salaam , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erick","family":"Mboya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences , P.O. Box 650001, Dar es Salaam , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Macdonald","family":"Mahiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences , P.O. Box 650001, Dar es Salaam , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anath","family":"Rwebembera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National AIDS Control Programme, Directorate of Preventive Services, Ministry of Health , Dodoma , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4852-4236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takamasa","family":"Ueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences , P.O. Box 650001, Dar es Salaam , Tanzania"},{"name":"Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University , Kumamoto , Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Pembe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences , P.O. 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