{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T12:37:01Z","timestamp":1789735021323,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["140636\/2021-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["140636\/2021-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["310940\/2019-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310940\/2019-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"FAPERJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["E-26\/201.138\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/201.138\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"FAPERJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["E-26\/202.312\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/202.312\/2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"CAPES","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Pfizer Global Medical Grants and Global Bridges at Mayo Clinic","award":["69832333"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["69832333"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To understand differences in antimicrobial use between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients. To compare two metrics commonly used for antimicrobial use: Defined Daily Dose (DDD) and Days of Therapy (DOT). To analyse the order in which antimicrobials were prescribed to COVID-19 patients using process mining techniques.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analysed data regarding all ICU admissions from 1 January 2018 to 14 September 2020, in 17 Brazilian hospitals. Our main outcome was the antimicrobial use estimated by the DDD and DOT (Days of Therapy). We compared clinical characteristics and antimicrobial consumption between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients. We used process mining to evaluate the order in which the antimicrobial schemes were prescribed to each COVID-19 patient.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analysed 68\u200a405 patients admitted before the pandemic, 12\u200a319 non-COVID-19 patients and 3240 COVID-19 patients. Comparing those admitted during the pandemic, the COVID-19 patients required advanced respiratory support more often (42% versus 12%). They also had longer ICU length of stay (6 versus 3 days), higher ICU mortality (18% versus 5.4%) and greater use of antimicrobials (70% versus 39%). Most of the COVID-19 treatments started with penicillins with \u00df-lactamase inhibitors (30%), third-generation cephalosporins (22%), or macrolides in combination with penicillins (19%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Antimicrobial prescription increased in Brazilian ICUs during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially during the first months of the epidemic. We identified greater use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials by COVID-19 patients. Overall, the DDD metric overestimated antimicrobial use compared with the DOT metric.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkad025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T07:51:28Z","timestamp":1675669888000},"page":"840-849","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Antimicrobial consumption and drug utilization patterns among COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Bianca B P","family":"Antunes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio) , Rio de Janeiro, RJ , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda A B","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio) , Rio de Janeiro, RJ , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia H C","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Research in Intensive Care Medicine, National Institute of Infectious Disease Evandro Chagas (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz) , Rio de Janeiro, RJ , Brazil"},{"name":"Intensive Care Department, D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR) , Rio de Janeiro, RJ , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Martin-Loeches","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Research Organization (MICRO), St James\u2019 Hospital , Dublin , Ireland"},{"name":"Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERES , Barcelona , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Kurtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Department, D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR) , Rio de Janeiro, RJ , Brazil"},{"name":"Intensive Care Department, Copa Star Hospital , Rio de Janeiro, RJ , Brazil"},{"name":"Intensive Care Department, Paulo Niemeyer State Brain Institute (IECPN) , Rio de Janeiro, RJ , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvio","family":"Hamacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio) , Rio de Janeiro, RJ , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando A","family":"Bozza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Research in Intensive Care Medicine, National Institute of Infectious Disease Evandro Chagas (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz) , Rio de Janeiro, RJ , Brazil"},{"name":"Intensive Care Department, D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR) , Rio de Janeiro, RJ , 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