{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T15:31:39Z","timestamp":1783611099472,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the effect of early active empirical antibiotics for MRSA on mortality, both in patients admitted with MRSA infections and in patients admitted with common infectious syndromes, for whom the causative pathogen may not have been MRSA.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A systematic literature search was conducted using Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, Scopus and Google Scholar from the earliest entry through to 26 April 2022. We included studies of patients hospitalized with culture-proven MRSA infections that compared mortality rates depending on whether patients received active empirical antibiotics. The primary outcome was the adjusted OR for mortality with early active empirical antibiotics. After performing random-effects meta-analysis, we estimated the absolute risk reduction in mortality with initial empirical MRSA coverage for common infectious syndromes based on the prevalence of MRSA and baseline mortality rate for each syndrome, as reported in the medical literature.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Of an initial 2136 unique manuscripts, 37 studies (11\u200a661 participants) met our inclusion criteria. Fifteen studies (6066 participants) reported adjusted OR of mortality. The pooled adjusted OR for mortality was 0.64 (95% CI, 0.48\u20130.84), favouring active empirical antibiotics. The estimated absolute mortality benefit was 0% for patients with pneumonia, 0.1% (95% CI, 0.04\u20130.2) for non-critically ill patients with soft tissue infections, 0.04% (95% CI, 0.01\u20130.05) for non-critically ill patients with urinary tract infections, 0.6% (95% CI, 0.2\u20131.0) for patients with septic shock, and 1.0% (95% CI, 0.3\u20131.4) for patients with catheter-related infections admitted to ICUs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>For the three most common infections in the hospital, the absolute benefit on mortality of empirical antibiotics against MRSA is 0.1% or less. Meaningful benefit of empirical antimicrobials against MRSA is limited to patients with approximately 30% mortality and 10% prevalence of MRSA. Avoiding empirical antibiotics against MRSA for low-risk infections would substantially reduce the use of anti-MRSA therapy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkad078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,25]],"date-time":"2023-03-25T05:26:40Z","timestamp":1679722000000},"page":"1150-1159","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Estimated mortality with early empirical antibiotic coverage of methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i> in hospitalized patients with bacterial infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"78","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3238-9773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George B","family":"Carey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Veteran Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System , West Haven, CT , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen L","family":"Holleck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Veteran Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System , West Haven, CT , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samer","family":"Ein Alshaeba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Veteran Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System , West Haven, CT , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ritujith","family":"Jayakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Veteran Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System , West Haven, CT , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsha S","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Veteran Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System , West Haven, CT , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyssa A","family":"Grimshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvey Cushing\/John Hay Whitney Medical Library, Yale University , New Haven, CT , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig G","family":"Gunderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Veteran Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System , West Haven, CT , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B1","author":"CDC"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B2","first-page":"1970","article-title":"National burden of invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections, United States, 2011","volume":"173","author":"Dantes","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.2899","article-title":"Prevalence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens in culture-proven sepsis and outcomes associated with inadequate and broad-spectrum empiric antibiotic use","volume":"3","author":"Rhee","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.12923","article-title":"Prevalence of antimicrobial use in US acute care hospitals, May-September 2011","volume":"312","author":"Magill","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06506-y","article-title":"Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021","volume":"47","author":"Evans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201908-1581ST","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"200","author":"Metlay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu296","article-title":"Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"59","author":"Stevens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.03.001","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"134","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.01.021","article-title":"PRESS peer review of electronic search strategies: 2015 guideline statement","volume":"75","author":"McGowan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i4919","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4919","article-title":"ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions","volume":"355","author":"Sterne","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B11","first-page":"295","volume-title":"Handbook of Research Synthesis and Meta-Analysis","author":"Raudenbush","year":"2009","edition":"2nd edn"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B14","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions","author":"Higgins","year":", 2022"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.2307\/30141354","article-title":"Risk factors for mortality in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia","volume":"19","author":"Conterno","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.7.1001","article-title":"Predicting methicillin resistance and the effect of inadequate empiric therapy on survival in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia","volume":"160","author":"Roghmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh366","article-title":"Outcome of inappropriate initial antimicrobial treatment in patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia","volume":"54","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B18","first-page":"24","article-title":"Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in Taiwan: risk factors for acquisition, clinical features and outcome","volume":"37","author":"Lin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl006","article-title":"Early empirical glycopeptide therapy for patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: impact on the outcome","volume":"57","author":"Fang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-006-0096-0","article-title":"Impact of initial antibiotic choice and delayed appropriate treatment on the outcome of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia","volume":"25","author":"Khatib","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000227655.41566.3E","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus sterile-site infection: the importance of appropriate initial antimicrobial treatment","volume":"34","author":"Schramm","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1086\/524667","article-title":"Influence of vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration on the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia","volume":"46","author":"Soriano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2008.04.011","article-title":"Outcome of patients with meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia at an emergency department of a medical centre in Taiwan","volume":"32","author":"Liao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq188","article-title":"Risk factors for mortality in patients with persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia in a tertiary care hospital in Taiwan","volume":"65","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2658","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq373","article-title":"Importance of appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia","volume":"65","author":"Paul","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011432","article-title":"Empiric antibiotic therapy for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia may not reduce in-hospital mortality: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"5","author":"Schweizer","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-010-1024-x","article-title":"The importance of a judicious and early empiric choice of antimicrobial for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia","volume":"29","author":"Shime","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2010.09.013","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: epidemiology, outcome, and laboratory characteristics in a tertiary referral center in the UK","volume":"15","author":"Lewis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B29","first-page":"A4857","article-title":"Community-acquired and health care-associated pneumonia due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Taiwan","volume-title":"Am J Resp Crit Care Med","author":"Liang","year":"2011"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-010-0086-0","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration of 2 \u03bcg\/ml methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from patients with bacteremia","volume":"17","author":"Takesue","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1807.101371","article-title":"Predicting risk for death from MRSA bacteremia","volume":"18","author":"Pastagia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B32","article-title":"Timing of initiating glycopeptide therapy for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: the impact on clinical outcome","volume":"2013","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"ScientificWorldJournal"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-252","article-title":"Patients presenting to the hospital with MRSA pneumonia: differentiating characteristics and outcomes with empiric treatment","volume":"14","author":"Minejima","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12388","article-title":"Knowing prior methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection or colonization status increases the empirical use of glycopeptides in MRSA bacteraemia and may decrease mortality","volume":"20","author":"Robinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000516","article-title":"Using the number needed to treat to assess appropriate antimicrobial therapy as a determinant of outcome in severe sepsis and septic shock","volume":"42","author":"Vazquez-Guillamet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B36","article-title":"Impact of molecular epidemiology and reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides and daptomycin on outcomes of patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01902-17","article-title":"Host-pathogen-treatment triad: host factors matter most in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia outcomes","volume":"62","author":"Guillamet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2020.01.017","article-title":"Proactive infectious disease consultation at the time of blood culture collection is associated with decreased mortality in patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"26","author":"Kawasuji","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1159\/000510291","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and risk factors for mortality due to bloodstream infection of unknown origin in hemodialysis patients: a single-center, retrospective study","volume":"50","author":"Shima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Purif"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2010.09.029","article-title":"Risk factors for mortality of nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bloodstream infection: with investigation of the potential role of community-associated MRSA strains","volume":"61","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2008.11.003","article-title":"Impact of inappropriate empirical therapy for sepsis due to health care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"58","author":"Rodriguez-Bano","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.02934.x","article-title":"Case-control study to identify factors associated with mortality among patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia","volume":"16","author":"Marchaim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12108","article-title":"Predictive factors for mortality in patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection: impact on outcome of host, microorganism and therapy","volume":"19","author":"Gasch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075171","article-title":"Epidemiology and outcome of pneumonia caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Canadian hospitals","volume":"8","author":"Tadros","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2015.12.009","article-title":"Clinical characteristics, treatment and outcomes of MRSA bacteraemia in the elderly","volume":"72","author":"Cuervo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2015.323","article-title":"Determinants of outcome in hospitalized patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection: results from national surveillance in Canada, 2008-2012","volume":"37","author":"Simor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-016-0122-8","article-title":"Mortality predictors of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a prospective multicenter study","volume":"15","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1650-8","article-title":"Effects of inappropriate empirical antibiotic therapy on mortality in patients with healthcare-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a propensity-matched analysis","volume":"16","author":"Yoon","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2017.1292046","article-title":"Comparison of outcome and clinical characteristics of bacteremia caused by methicillin-resistant, penicillin-resistant and penicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus strains","volume":"49","author":"Jokinen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Dis (Lond)"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05262-6","article-title":"Modifiable healthcare factors affecting 28-day survival in bloodstream infection: a prospective cohort study","volume":"20","author":"Evans","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2019.7495","article-title":"Empirical anti-MRSA vs standard antibiotic therapy and risk of 30-day mortality in patients hospitalized for pneumonia","volume":"180","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-008-0632-1","article-title":"Community-associated versus healthcare-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: a 10-year retrospective review","volume":"28","author":"Robinson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.03.051","article-title":"The burden of community-acquired pneumonia requiring admission to ICU in the United States","volume":"158","author":"Cavallazzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2014.02.011","article-title":"Inappropriate initial antibiotic treatment for complicated skin and soft tissue infections in hospitalized patients: incidence and associated factors","volume":"79","author":"Lipsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143276","article-title":"Rising United States hospital admissions for acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections: recent trends and economic impact","volume":"10","author":"Kaye","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-041302","article-title":"Incidence, comorbidity and mortality in patients with necrotising soft-tissue infections, 2005-2018: a Danish nationwide register-based cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Hedetoft","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-020-0362-4","article-title":"Epidemiology, definition and treatment of complicated urinary tract infections","volume":"17","author":"Wagenlehner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B58","first-page":"29","article-title":"Risk factors for treatment failure and mortality among hospitalized patients with complicated urinary tract infection: a multicenter retrospective cohort study (RESCUING study group)","volume":"68","author":"Eliakim-Raz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2717","article-title":"Prevalence and outcomes of infection among patients in intensive care units in 2017","volume":"323","author":"Vincent","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30117-2","article-title":"Application of the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis (Sepsis-3) classification: a retrospective population-based cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Donnelly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0289","article-title":"Developing a new definition and assessing new clinical criteria for septic shock: for the Third International Consensus Definitions for sepsis and Septic Shock (sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Shankar-Hari","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2016.174","article-title":"Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associated infections: summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011-2014","volume":"37","author":"Weiner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B63","first-page":"A2453","article-title":"Epidemiology of catheter related bloodstream infections\u2014a descriptive analysis from national inpatient sample","volume":"205","author":"Raj","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.3.9808145","article-title":"The attributable mortality and costs of primary nosocomial bloodstream infections in the intensive care unit","volume":"160","author":"DiGiovine","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2008.603","article-title":"Clinical presentation, etiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis in the 21st century: the international collaboration on endocarditis-prospective cohort study","volume":"169","author":"Murdoch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2007.08.007","article-title":"Impact of inappropriate antibiotic therapy on mortality in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia and blood stream infection: a meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Kuti","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-0795-y","article-title":"Incidence and outcome of inappropriate in-hospital empiric antibiotics for severe infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Marquet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1086\/519283","article-title":"A systematic review of the methods used to assess the association between appropriate antibiotic therapy and mortality in bacteremic patients","volume":"45","author":"McGregor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4851","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00627-10","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy for sepsis","volume":"54","author":"Paul","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8617","DOI":"10.21037\/apm-21-932","article-title":"Predictors of mortality in adult patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection: a meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Ju","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Palliat Med"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1086\/656431","article-title":"Skin and soft-tissue infections requiring hospitalization at an academic medical center: opportunities for antimicrobial stewardship","volume":"51","author":"Jenkins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.11411116","article-title":"National healthcare safety network (NHSN) dialysis event surveillance report for 2014","volume":"12","author":"Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz974","article-title":"Determining the utility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nares screening in antimicrobial stewardship","volume":"71","author":"Mergenhagen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023050300191188900_dkad078-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09327-3","article-title":"MRC\/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"360","author":"Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jac\/article-pdf\/78\/5\/1150\/50148940\/dkad078.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jac\/article-pdf\/78\/5\/1150\/50148940\/dkad078.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]],"date-time":"2023-05-03T00:20:11Z","timestamp":1683073211000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jac\/article\/78\/5\/1150\/7085807"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,25]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkad078","relation":{},"ISSN":["0305-7453","1460-2091"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0305-7453","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2091","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,25]]}}}