{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:23:51Z","timestamp":1787009031046,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We studied trends in antibiotic prescribing by primary care and assessed the associations between generated antibiotic selection pressure (ASP) and the prevalence of sentinel drug-resistant microorganisms (SDRMs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The volume of antibiotic prescribing in primary and hospital care expressed in DDD\/1000 inhabitants per day and the prevalences of SDRMs in European countries where GPs act as gatekeepers were obtained from the European Centre for Disease Control ESAC-NET. Associations were tested between (i) DDD and (ii) the Antibiotic Spectrum Index (ASI) as a proxy indicator for ASP, and the prevalences of three SDRMs: MRSA, MDR Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pneumoniae resistant to macrolides.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fourteen European countries were included. Italy, Poland and Spain had the highest prevalence of SDRMs and prescribed the highest volume of antibiotics in primary care (average 17 DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day), approximately twice that of countries with the lowest volumes. Moreover, the ASIs of these high antibiotic volume countries were approximately three times higher than those of the low-volume countries. Cumulative ASI showed the strongest association with a country\u2019s prevalence of SDRMs. The cumulative ASI generated from primary care was about four to five times higher than the cumulative ASI generated by hospital care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prevalences of SDRMs are associated with the volume of antimicrobial prescribing and in particular broad-spectrum antibiotics in European countries where GPs act as gatekeepers. The impact of ASP generated from primary care on increasing antimicrobial resistance may be much larger than currently assumed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkad082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T07:46:34Z","timestamp":1678347994000},"page":"1245-1252","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Trends in antibiotic selection pressure generated in primary care and their association with sentinel antimicrobial resistance patterns in Europe"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"78","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7264-269X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martijn","family":"Sijbom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Campus, The Hague\/Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center , The Hague , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederike L","family":"B\u00fcchner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Campus, The Hague\/Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center , The Hague , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas H","family":"Saadah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Campus, The Hague\/Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center , The Hague , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mattijs E","family":"Numans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Campus, The Hague\/Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center , The Hague , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark G J","family":"De Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, The Hague , The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Hague , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023050300200211900_dkad082-B1"},{"key":"2023050300200211900_dkad082-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-13","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of antibiotic consumption on antibiotic resistance","volume":"14","author":"Bell","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023050300200211900_dkad082-B3"},{"key":"2023050300200211900_dkad082-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c2096","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c2096","article-title":"Effect of antibiotic prescribing in primary care on antimicrobial resistance in individual patients: systematic review and 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