{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T23:19:40Z","timestamp":1772493580893,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"United States President\u2019s Emergency Plan"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5D43TW009610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5D43TW009610"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IK43TW012350-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IK43TW012350-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"H3ABioNet"},{"name":"National Institutes of Health Common Fund"},{"name":"African Academy of Science"},{"name":"Trials of Excellence in Southern Africa"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CSA2020NoE-3104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSA2020NoE-3104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CSA2020NoE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSA2020NoE"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Africa Research Excellence Fund Research Development Fellowship"},{"name":"Sub-Saharan African Network"},{"name":"TB\/HIV Research Excellence"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pre-existing rilpivirine resistance-associated mutations (RVP-RAMs) have been found to predict HIV-1 virological failure in those switching to long-acting injectable cabotegravir\/rilpivirine. We here evaluated the prevalence of archived RPV-RAMs in a cohort of people living with HIV (PWH).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We analysed near full-length HIV-1 pol sequences from proviral DNA for the presence of RPV-RAMs, which were defined according to the 2022 IAS\u2013USA drug resistance mutation list and Stanford HIV drug resistance database.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>RPV-RAMs were identified in 757\/5805 sequences, giving a prevalence of 13.0% (95% CI 12%\u201313.9%). Amongst the ART-naive group, 137\/1281 (10.7%, 95% CI 9.1%\u201312.5%) had at least one RPV-RAM. Of the 4524 PWH with viral suppression on ART (VL &amp;lt;400 copies\/mL), 620 (13.7%, 95% CI 12.7%\u201314.7%) had at least one RPV-RAM. E138A was the most prevalent RPV-RAM in the ART-naive group (7.9%) and the ART-suppressed group (9.3%). The rest of the mutations observed (L100I, K101E, E138G, E138K, E138Q, Y181C, H221Y, M230L, A98G, V179D, G190A, G190E and M230I) were below a prevalence of 1%.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>RPV-RAMs were present in 10.7% of ART-naive and 13.7% of ART-suppressed PWH in Botswana. The most common RPV-RAM in both groups was E138A. Since individuals with the E138A mutation may be more likely to fail cabotegravir\/rilpivirine, monitoring RPV-RAMs will be crucial for effective cabotegravir\/rilpivirine implementation in this setting.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkad258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T17:16:02Z","timestamp":1692206162000},"page":"2489-2495","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Archived rilpivirine-associated resistance mutations among ART-naive and virologically suppressed people living with HIV-1 subtype C in Botswana: implications for cabotegravir\/rilpivirine use"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Dorcas","family":"Maruapula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone , Botswana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natasha O","family":"Moraka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone , Botswana"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone , Botswana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ontlametse T","family":"Bareng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone , Botswana"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone , Botswana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick T","family":"Mokgethi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone , Botswana"},{"name":"Faculty of Science, Biological Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone , Botswana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wonderful T","family":"Choga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone , Botswana"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone , Botswana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaelo K","family":"Seatla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone , Botswana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2433-2416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nametso","family":"Kelentse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone , Botswana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine K","family":"Koofhethille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone , Botswana"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boitumelo J L","family":"Zuze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone , Botswana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tendani","family":"Gaolathe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone , Botswana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Molly","family":"Pretorius-Holme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Makhema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone , Botswana"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vlad","family":"Novitsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone , Botswana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone , Botswana"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sikhulile","family":"Moyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone , Botswana"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shahin","family":"Lockman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone , Botswana"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard University T.H. 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