{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T16:29:13Z","timestamp":1777048153220,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81861138046 and 31972742"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81861138046 and 31972742"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Adjuvant addition of approved drugs or foodborne additives to colistin might be a cost-effective strategy to overcome the challenge of plasmid-mediated mobile colistin resistance gene emergence, which poses a threat in the clinic and in livestock caused by infections with Gram-negative bacteria, especially carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Chequerboard assay was applied to screen the colistin adjuvants from natural compounds. The killing\u2013time curve, combined disc test and membrane permeation assay were conducted to identify the synergy efficacy of thymol and colistin in vitro. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC), LC-MS and fluorescence spectra were used to indicate the interaction of thymol and MCR-1. The potential binding sites were then investigated by molecular simulation dynamics. Finally, a thymol nanoemulsion was prepared with high-pressure homogenization as the clinical dosage form.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Thymol presented an excellent synergistic effect in vitro with colistin against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Escherichia coli bacteria. Thymol addition, forming a complex with MCR-1, might interfere with the efficacy of MCR-1. Moreover, thymol strengthened colistin activity associated with potentiating membrane damage, destroying the biofilm and enhancing reactive oxygen species-mediated oxidative damage. Thymol nanoemulsion combined with colistin remarkably prevented the intestinal damage caused by S. Typhimurium infection, resulting in a survival rate higher than 60%.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study achieved a promising thymol oral formulation as colistin adjuvant to combat S. Typhimurium infection, which could be used to extend the lifespan of colistin in clinical veterinary medicine.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkad342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,4]],"date-time":"2023-11-04T01:01:56Z","timestamp":1699059716000},"page":"2983-2994","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A new function of thymol nanoemulsion for reversing colistin resistance in <i>Salmonella enterica<\/i> serovar Typhimurium infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Qiushuang","family":"Sheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University , Changchun, Jilin , China"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Jilin Province Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute , Changchun, Jilin , China"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun, Jilin , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University , Changchun, Jilin , China"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun, Jilin , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yonglin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University , Changchun, Jilin , China"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun, Jilin , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuming","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University , Changchun, Jilin , China"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun, Jilin , 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China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiazhang","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University , Changchun, Jilin , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanhong","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University , Changchun, Jilin , China"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun, Jilin , 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