{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T23:48:16Z","timestamp":1791071296080,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Western and Northern Norwegian Health Trusts","award":["F-11639"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F-11639"]}]},{"name":"Western and Northern Norwegian Health Trusts","award":["HFN 1512-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HFN 1512-20"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Wide variations in antibiotic use in very preterm infants have been reported across centres despite similar rates of infection. We describe 10 year trends in use of antibiotics and regional variations among very preterm infants in Norway.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Patients and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>All live-born very preterm infants (&amp;lt;32 weeks gestation) admitted to any neonatal unit in Norway during 2009\u201318 were included. Main outcomes were antibiotic consumption expressed as days of antibiotic therapy (DOT) per 1000 patient days (PD), regional variations in use across four health regions, rates of sepsis and sepsis-attributable mortality and trends of antibiotic use during the study period.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We included 5296 infants: 3646 (69%) were born at 28\u201331 weeks and 1650 (31%) were born before 28 weeks gestation with similar background characteristics across the four health regions. Overall, 80% of the very preterm infants received antibiotic therapy. The most commonly prescribed antibiotics were the combination of narrow-spectrum \u03b2-lactams and aminoglycosides, but between 2009 and 2018 we observed a marked reduction in their use from 100 to 40 DOT per 1000 PD (P &amp;lt; 0.001). In contrast, consumption of broad-spectrum \u03b2-lactams remained unchanged (P = 0.308). There were large variations in consumption of vancomycin, broad-spectrum \u03b2-lactams and first-generation cephalosporins, but no differences in sepsis-attributable mortality across regions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The overall antibiotic consumption was reduced during the study period. Marked regional variations remained in consumption of broad-spectrum \u03b2-lactams and vancomycin, without association to sepsis-attributable mortality. Our results highlight the need for antibiotic stewardship strategies to reduce consumption of antibiotics that may enhance antibiotic resistance development.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkad358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T14:47:31Z","timestamp":1700578051000},"page":"143-150","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Variation in antibiotic consumption in very preterm infants\u2014a 10 year population-based study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9998-5776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuzana","family":"Huncikova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Department, Stavanger University Hospital , Stavanger , Norway"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans J\u00f8rgen","family":"Stensvold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Clinic of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Knut Asbj\u00f8rn Alexander","family":"\u00d8ymar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Department, Stavanger University Hospital , Stavanger , Norway"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anlaug","family":"Vatne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Department, Stavanger University Hospital , Stavanger , Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astri Maria","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Department, Akershus University Hospital , L\u00f8renskog , Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ragnhild","family":"St\u00f8en","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, St.Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital , Trondheim , Norway"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Karin","family":"Brigtsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Clinic of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dag","family":"Moster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway"},{"name":"Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beate Horsberg","family":"Eriksen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, M\u00f8re and Romsdal Hospital Trust , \u00c5lesund , Norway"},{"name":"Clinical Research Unit, Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terje","family":"Selberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Ostfold County Hospital , Gralum , Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arild","family":"R\u00f8nnestad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatal Intensive Care, Clinic of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway"},{"name":"Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Ostfold County Hospital , Gralum , Norway"},{"name":"Medical Faculty, Institute for 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