{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:06:03Z","timestamp":1792785963146,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Centre for Research Excellence in Minimising"},{"name":"Antibiotic Resistance in the Community"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance is a worldwide threat, exacerbated by inappropriate prescribing. Most antibiotic prescribing occurs in primary care. Early-career GPs are important for the future of antibiotic prescribing and curbing antimicrobial resistance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine antibiotic prescribing patterns by early-career GPs for common acute infections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase and Scopus. Two authors independently screened abstracts and full texts for inclusion. Primary outcomes were antibiotic prescribing rates for common acute infections by GPs with experience of 10\u2005years or less. Secondary outcomes were any associations between working experience and antibiotic prescribing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 1483 records retrieved, we identified 41 relevant studies. Early-career GPs were less likely to prescribe antibiotics compared with their more experienced colleagues (OR range 0.23\u20130.67). Their antibiotic prescribing rates for \u2018any respiratory condition\u2019 ranged from 14.6% to 52%, and for upper respiratory tract infections from 13.5% to 33%. Prescribing for acute bronchitis varied by country, from 15.9% in Sweden to 26% in the USA and 63%\u201373% in Australia. Condition-specific data for all other included acute infections, such as sinusitis and acute otitis media, were limited to the Australian context.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early-career GPs prescribe fewer antibiotics than later-career GPs. However, there are still significant improvements to be made for common acute conditions, as their prescribing is higher than recommended benchmarks. Addressing antimicrobial resistance requires an ongoing worldwide effort and early-career GPs should be the target for long-term change.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkae002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]],"date-time":"2024-01-04T00:33:06Z","timestamp":1704328386000},"page":"512-525","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Early-career general practitioners\u2019 antibiotic prescribing for acute infections: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7306-8602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma J","family":"Baillie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"General Practice Clinical Unit, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Merlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Practice Clinical Unit, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mieke L","family":"Van Driel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Practice Clinical Unit, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8071-8749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parker J","family":"Magin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle , Callaghan, NSW , Australia"},{"name":"GP Training Research Department, Royal Australian College of General Practitioners , Callaghan, NSW , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9309-9315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024030105172494000_dkae002-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024030105172494000_dkae002-B2","author":"WHO"},{"key":"2024030105172494000_dkae002-B3","author":"Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Healthcare"},{"key":"2024030105172494000_dkae002-B4","author":"ECDC"},{"key":"2024030105172494000_dkae002-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/18.2.209","article-title":"Antibiotic prescribing in acute infections of the nose or sinuses: a matter of personal habit?","volume":"18","author":"De Sutter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fam Pract"},{"key":"2024030105172494000_dkae002-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e345","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1139","article-title":"The association between high and unnecessary antibiotic prescribing: a cohort study using family physician electronic medical records","volume":"72","author":"Kitano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024030105172494000_dkae002-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.2044","article-title":"The effects of training institution practice costs. 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