{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T09:19:30Z","timestamp":1782551970104,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009779","name":"Region Kronoberg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["961293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["961293"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009779","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009779","name":"Region Kronoberg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["988785"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["988785"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009779","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae compromises gonorrhoea treatment and rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) would be valuable. We have developed a rapid and accurate flow cytometry method (FCM) for AST of gonococci.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The 2016 WHO gonococcal reference strains, and WHO Q, R and S (n\u200a=\u200a17) were tested against seven clinically relevant antibiotics (ceftriaxone, cefixime, azithromycin, spectinomycin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and gentamicin). After 4.5 h incubation of inoculated broth, the fluorescent dye Syto\u2122 9 was added, followed by FCM analysis. After gating, the relative remaining population of gonococci, compared with unexposed growth control samples, was plotted against antimicrobial concentration, followed by non-linear curve regression analysis. Furthermore, the response at one single concentration\/tested antibiotic was evaluated with the intention to use as a screening test for detection of resistant gonococci.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A dose-dependent response was seen in susceptible isolates for all tested antimicrobials. There was a clear separation between susceptible\/WT and resistant\/non-WT isolates for ceftriaxone, cefixime, spectinomycin, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline. In contrast, for azithromycin, only high-level-resistant isolates were distinguished, while resistant isolates with MICs of 4 mg\/L were indistinguishable from WT (MIC\u200a\u2264\u200a1 mg\/L) isolates. For gentamicin, all tested 17 isolates were WT and FCM analysis resulted in uniform dose\u2013response curves. Using a single antibiotic concentration and a 50% remaining cell population cut-off, the overall sensitivity and specificity for resistance detection were 93% and 99%, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>By providing results in &amp;lt;5 h for gonococcal isolates, FCM-based AST can become a rapid screening method for antimicrobial resistance or antimicrobial susceptibility in gonococci.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkae034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T14:24:27Z","timestamp":1707488667000},"page":"815-819","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Detection of antimicrobial resistance in &amp;lt;5 h in <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i> isolates using flow cytometry\u2014proof of concept for seven clinically relevant antimicrobials"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0433-8079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Somajo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University , Kalmar , Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frida","family":"Nilsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Region Kronoberg , V\u00e4xj\u00f6\/Karlskrona , Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6621-0244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oskar","family":"Ekelund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Region Kronoberg , V\u00e4xj\u00f6\/Karlskrona , Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Unemo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and Other STIs, \u00d6rebro University , \u00d6rebro , Sweden"},{"name":"Institute for Global Health, University College London , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024040202342807000_dkae034-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e627","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(21)00171-3","article-title":"WHO global antimicrobial resistance surveillance for Neisseria gonorrhoeae 2017\u201318: a retrospective observational study","volume":"2","author":"Unemo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"2024040202342807000_dkae034-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2022.2015329","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance prediction in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: current status and future prospects","volume":"22","author":"Golparian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert 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investigations: phenotypic, genetic and reference genome characterization","volume":"71","author":"Unemo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2024040202342807000_dkae034-B6","author":"EUCAST"},{"key":"2024040202342807000_dkae034-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.7.1825-1826.1994","article-title":"Improved enrichment broth for cultivation of fastidious organisms","volume":"32","author":"Cartwright","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2024040202342807000_dkae034-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02009-3","article-title":"Rapid susceptibility profiling of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"7","author":"Mulroney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2024040202342807000_dkae034-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S253811","article-title":"Comparison of microdilution method with agar dilution method for antibiotic susceptibility test of Neisseria gonorrhoeae","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"2024040202342807000_dkae034-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682135","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.682135","article-title":"Pharmacodynamic evaluation of dosing, bacterial kill, and resistance suppression for zoliflodacin against Neisseria gonorrhoeae in a dynamic hollow fiber infection model","volume":"12","author":"Jacobsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2024040202342807000_dkae034-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035841","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1035841","article-title":"Pharmacodynamic evaluation of lefamulin in the treatment of gonorrhea using a hollow fiber infection model simulating Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections","volume":"13","author":"Jacobsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2024040202342807000_dkae034-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874176","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.874176","article-title":"Pharmacodynamic evaluation of zoliflodacin treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains with amino acid substitutions in the zoliflodacin target GyrB using a dynamic hollow fiber infection model","volume":"13","author":"Jacobsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Antimicrobial 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