{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T13:53:48Z","timestamp":1770040428094,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]],"date-time":"2024-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Centers for Diseases Control","award":["MOHW112-CDC-C-114-000103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOHW112-CDC-C-114-000103"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Monitoring the trends of pre-treatment drug resistance (PDR) and resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) among antiretroviral-na\u00efve people with HIV (PWH) is important for the implementation of HIV treatment and control programmes. We analysed the trends of HIV-1 PDR after the introduction of second-generation integrase strand-transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) in 2016 in Taiwan, when single-tablet regimens of non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI-) and INSTI-based antiretroviral therapy became the preferred treatments.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this multicentre study, we included newly diagnosed, antiretroviral-na\u00efve PWH who underwent tests for RAMs between 2016 and 2022. Pre-treatment genotypic resistance testing was performed, along with HIV-1 subtyping and determinations of plasma HIV RNA load and CD4 lymphocyte counts. RAMs were analysed using the Stanford University HIV Drug Resistance Database and only RAMs conferring at least low-level resistance were included.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>From 2016 to 2022, pre-treatment blood samples from 3001 newly diagnosed PWH, which constituted 24.3% of newly diagnosed PWH in Taiwan during the study period, were tested. Of the PWH with analysable gene sequences, the HIV-1 PDR prevalence to NNRTIs, nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), first- and second-generation INSTIs and PIs was 10.0%, 2.1%, 2.5%, 0.6% and 0.4%, respectively. While the trends of PDR remained stable for NRTIs, INSTIs and PIs, there was a significantly increasing trend of PDR to NNRTIs from 6.0% in 2016% to 13.1% in 2022 (P\u200a=\u200a0.001).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>After the introduction of second-generation INSTIs in Taiwan, the trends of HIV-1 PDR to NRTIs and INSTIs remained low. Furthermore, there was no significant decrease of the prevalence of PDR toward NNRTIs between 2016 and 2022.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkae086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]],"date-time":"2024-03-28T17:10:29Z","timestamp":1711645829000},"page":"1157-1163","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Trends of pre-treatment drug resistance in antiretroviral-na\u00efve people with HIV-1 in the era of second-generation integrase strand-transfer inhibitors in Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1310-4648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guan-Jhou","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine , Taipei , Taiwan"},{"name":"Infection Control Room, Min-Sheng General Hospital , Taoyuan , Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chien-Yu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare , Taoyuan , Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Public Health, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University , Taipei , Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chia-Jui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital , New Taipei City , Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University , Taipei , Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nan-Yao","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine and Hospital , Tainan , 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