{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T03:38:36Z","timestamp":1791776316492,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"WHO","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2020-120113RA-I00\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-120113RA-I00\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011597","name":"Conselleria de Sanitat Universal i Salut P\u00fablica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011597","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>MDR and XDR Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains remain major public health concerns internationally, and quality-assured global gonococcal antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance is imperative. The WHO global Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (GASP) and WHO Enhanced GASP (EGASP), including metadata and WGS, are expanding internationally. We present the phenotypic, genetic and reference genome characteristics of the 2024 WHO gonococcal reference strains (n\u200a=\u200a15) for quality assurance worldwide. All superseded WHO gonococcal reference strains (n\u200a=\u200a14) were identically characterized.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The 2024 WHO reference strains include 11 of the 2016 WHO reference strains, which were further characterized, and four novel strains. The superseded WHO reference strains include 11 WHO reference strains previously unpublished. All strains were characterized phenotypically and genomically (single-molecule PacBio or Oxford Nanopore and Illumina sequencing).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The 2024 WHO reference strains represent all available susceptible and resistant phenotypes and genotypes for antimicrobials currently and previously used (n\u200a=\u200a22), or considered for future use (n\u200a=\u200a3) in gonorrhoea treatment. The novel WHO strains include internationally spreading ceftriaxone resistance, ceftriaxone resistance due to new penA mutations, ceftriaxone plus high-level azithromycin resistance and azithromycin resistance due to mosaic MtrRCDE efflux pump. AMR, serogroup, prolyliminopeptidase, genetic AMR determinants, plasmid types, molecular epidemiological types and reference genome characteristics are presented for all strains.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The 2024 WHO gonococcal reference strains are recommended for internal and external quality assurance in laboratory examinations, especially in the WHO GASP, EGASP and other GASPs, but also in phenotypic and molecular diagnostics, AMR prediction, pharmacodynamics, epidemiology, research and as complete reference genomes in WGS analysis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkae176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T17:54:04Z","timestamp":1718733244000},"page":"1885-1899","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["The novel 2024 WHO <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i> reference strains for global quality assurance of laboratory investigations and superseded WHO <i>N. gonorrhoeae<\/i> reference strains\u2014phenotypic, genetic and reference genome characterization"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1710-2081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magnus","family":"Unemo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and Other STIs, National Reference Laboratory for STIs, Microbiology, \u00d6rebro University , \u00d6rebro , Sweden"},{"name":"Institute for Global Health, University College London (UCL) , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonor","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Bus\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Research Unit \u2018Infection and Public Health\u2019, FISABIO-University of Valencia, Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio) , Valencia , Spain"},{"name":"CIBERESP, ISCIII , Madrid , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Golparian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and Other STIs, National Reference Laboratory for STIs, Microbiology, \u00d6rebro University , \u00d6rebro , Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Jacobsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and Other STIs, National Reference Laboratory for STIs, Microbiology, \u00d6rebro University , \u00d6rebro , Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Shimuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo , Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pham Thi","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hanoi Medical University, National Hospital of Dermatology and Venereology , Hanoi , Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W","family":"Eyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Big Data Institute, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK"},{"name":"Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Oxford , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) , London , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1008-7413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismael","family":"Maatouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of the Global HIV, Hepatitis and STI Programmes, WHO , Geneva , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teodora","family":"Wi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of the Global HIV, Hepatitis and STI Programmes, WHO , Geneva , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica M","family":"Lahra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Sexually Transmitted Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, New South Wales Health Pathology, Microbiology , Randwick, NSW , Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024073123515775800_dkae176-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0128-6","article-title":"Gonorrhoea","volume":"5","author":"Unemo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis 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high-level ceftriaxone-resistant gonococcal FC428 clone and antimicrobial therapy of associated cases: a review","volume":"5","author":"van der Veen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect Microb Dis"},{"key":"2024073123515775800_dkae176-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1071\/SH19023","article-title":"World Health Organization global gonococcal antimicrobial surveillance program (WHO GASP): review of new data and evidence to inform international collaborative actions and research efforts","volume":"16","author":"Unemo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"key":"2024073123515775800_dkae176-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002344","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002344","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: global surveillance and a call for international collaborative action","volume":"14","author":"Wi","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS 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