{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:23:50Z","timestamp":1787009030467,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola del Pulm\u00f3n SEPAR","award":["1116\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1116\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias","award":["PI22\/00257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/00257"]}]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias","award":["CB06\/06\/0037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB06\/06\/0037"]}]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas","award":["CB21\/13\/0009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB21\/13\/0009"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The European Regional Development Fund\/European Social Fund"},{"name":"Miguel Servet Contract","award":["CP19\/00096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP19\/00096"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to explore the prevalence of macrolide resistance and the underlying resistance mechanisms in Haemophilus influenzae (n\u200a=\u200a2556) and Haemophilus parainfluenzae (n\u200a=\u200a510) collected between 2018 and 2021 from Bellvitge University Hospital, Spain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by microdilution. Whole-genome sequencing was performed using Illumina MiSeq and Oxford Nanopore technologies, and sequences were examined for macrolide resistance determinants and mobile genetic structures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Macrolide resistance was detected in 67 H. influenzae (2.6%) and 52 (10.2%) H. parainfluenzae strains and associated with resistance to other antimicrobials (co-trimoxazole, chloramphenicol, tetracycline). Differences in macrolide resistance existed between the two species. Acquired resistance genes were more prevalent in H. parainfluenzae (35\/52; 67.3%) than in H. influenzae (12\/67; 17.9%). Gene mutations and amino acid substitutions were more common in H. influenzae (57\/67; 85%) than in H. parainfluenzae (16\/52; 30.8%). Substitutions in L22 and in 23S rRNA were only detected in H. influenzae (34.3% and 29.0%, respectively), while substitutions in L4 and AcrAB\/AcrR were observed in both species. The MEGA element was identified in 35 (67.3%) H. parainfluenzae strains, five located in an integrative and conjugative element (ICE); by contrast, 11 (16.4%) H. influenzae strains contained the MEGA element (all in an ICE). A new ICEHpaHUB8 was described in H. parainfluenzae.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Macrolide resistance was higher in H. parainfluenzae than in H. influenzae, with differences in the underlying mechanisms. H. parainfluenzae exhibits co-resistance to other antimicrobials, often leading to an extensively drug-resistant phenotype. This highlights the importance of conducting antimicrobial resistance surveillance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkae214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T20:18:54Z","timestamp":1718309934000},"page":"2194-2203","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Molecular characterization of macrolide resistance in\n                    <i>Haemophilus influenzae<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Haemophilus parainfluenzae<\/i>\n                    strains (2018\u201321)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Irene","family":"Cadenas-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge, IDIBELL-UB , Feixa Llarga s\/n, 08907 L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona , Spain"},{"name":"Research Network for Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), ISCIII , Madrid , 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